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Engineering Graphics, Class 5 Geometric Construction
Engineering Graphics, Class 5 Geometric Construction
Geometric Construction
Basic Geometric Elements - Points
„ 2-Angles are
Complementary if
they total 90º.
„ 2-Angles are
Supplementary if
they total 180º.
Geometric Construction - Triangles
„ A triangle is a plane
figure bounded by
three straight sides.
„ Any triangle
inscribed in a
semicircle is a right
triangle if the
hypotenuse
coincides with the
diameter.
Geometric Construction - Quadrilaterals
„ A circle is a closed curve with all points at the same distance from a point called
the center
„ A prism is a polyhedron with two parallel equal polygon bases, three or more
lateral faces, which are parallelograms.
„ A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces
intersecting at a common point called the vertex.
„ If a portion near the vertex has been cut off, the pyramid is truncated, or it is
referred to as a frustum
Geometric Construction - Cylinders
„ From endpoints A & B, draw construction lines at 30, 45, or 60 degrees with
the given line.
„ Then through their intersection, C, draw a line perpendicular to the given line
to locate the center C
Bisecting an angle
Method (a)
„ Draw from P any convenient inclined line as PD.
„ Find the midpoint C of line PD.
„ Draw arc with radius CP. The line EP is
the required perpendicular.
Method (b)
„ With P as center, strike an arc to intersect AB at
C and D.
„ With C and D as centers, and with a radius
slightly greater than half CD, strike arcs to
intersect at E. The line PE is the required
perpendicular.
Drawing a line through a point and perpendicular to a line
Method (a)
„ With P as center and any radius, strike arcs to intersect
AB at D and G.
„ With D and G as centers, and radius slightly greater
than half DG, strike equal arcs to intersect at F.
The line PF is the required perpendicular.
Method (b)
„ Select any convenient unit of length, for example 5 mm.
„ With P as center, and 3 units as radius, strike an arc to
intersect the given line at C.
„ With P as center, and 4 units as radius, strike arc DE
„ With C as center, and 5 units as radius, strike an arc to
intersect DE at F. The line PF is the required
perpendicular.
Drawing a line through a point and perpendicular to a line
Method (c)
Preferred Method
By a compass
„ The axis is the center line from the center of the base to the vertex
Conic Sections
„ The foci points are found by striking arcs with radius equal to half the major
axis & with center at the end of the minor axis (point C or D)
Drawing an ellipse by the four-center method
„ Given major and minor axes, AB and CD, draw line AD connecting the end points
as shown.
„ Mark off DE equal to the difference between the axes AO - DO.
„ Draw perpendicular bisector to AE, and extend it to intersect the major axis at K
and the minor axis extended at H.
„ Mark off OM equal to OK, and OL equal to OH. The points H, K, L and M are the
centers of the required arcs.
sing the centers, draw arcs as shown. The four circular arcs thus drawn meet in common
„
„ If a circle is viewed at an angle, it will appear as an ellipse. This is the basis for
the concentric circles method for drawing an ellipse.
„ Draw two circles with the major and minor axes as diameters. „ Draw
any diagonal XX to the large circle through the center O, and find its
intersections HH with the small circle.
„ From the point X, draw line XZ parallel to the minor axis, and from the point H,
draw the line HE, parallel to the major axis. Point E is a point on the ellipse.
„ Repeat for another diagonal line XX to obtain a smooth and symmetrical ellipse.
Drawing an ellipse by the trammel method.
„ A parabola may be
generated by a point
moving so that its
distance from a fixed
point is equal to its
distance from a
straight line. The
point is called the
focus, and the straight
line is called the
directrix.
Drawing a parabola by the pencil and string method
„ Point C is selected at
random, its distance from G
depends on the desired
extent of the curve.
Drawing a parabola by the parallels to directrix method
„ Let X and Y be the given points. Assume any point O, and draw tangents
XO and YO.
„ Divide XO and YO into the same number of equal parts, number the division
points as shown, and connect the corresponding points.
„ These lines are tangents of the required parabola, and form its envelope.
Use to sketch a smooth curve.
Hyperbola
„ A hyperbola is a
generated by a point
moving so that the
difference of its distance
from two fixed points is
constant.
„ The two points are called
A B
the foci, and the constant
difference in distance is
called the transverse axis
of the hyperbola.
Drawing a hyperbola by the pencil and string method.