H.H.

E
Hydraulique et Hydrologie Environnementale

Presented by:

1. DARMALINGUM Kessaven
2. DOOKHY Hashim
3. GREEDHARY Ashwin G.C 3
4. HAJEE SHERIFF Yaasir Lecturer: Mr. J.Ramma
5. JACQUES Arnaud
August 2015
• If a single family residence is constructed on
the cleared lot, what processes will control
flood runoff from the lot?
 Overview
1. The Hydrologic Cycle
-What is it & How it works.

2. Surface/Flood Runoff
-Definition.
-Processes which control it.
-Its impacts.

3. Case Study (Single family residence)

4. Comparison between flowrates

Using the rational method
-Forested lot
-Cleared lot
-Construction of single family residence

5. Effects of the construction of a single family residence

6. What can be done to mitigate these effects?

7. Conclusion
 The Hydrological Cycle

• Also called the water cycle.

• What is the Hydrological Cycle?
Describes the continuous movement of water on, above and

below the earth surface.

 Surface Runoff
What is surface runoff?

• Surface runoff is often defined as the portion of rainfall,

snowmelt, or irrigation water that runs over the soil surface
toward the stream rather than infiltrating into the soil.
 What are the processes which control
surface runoff?

1. Rate of Evapotranspiration. ( , )

2. Water vapour concentration in the atmosphere. ( , )

3. Rate of precipitation. ( , )

4. Rate of runoff. ( , )

Each process is linked to one another.

 What are the processes which control
surface runoff?

• Rate of Precipitation:
It has great effect on the runoff. E.g. A precipitation which occurs in
the form of rainfall starts immediately as surface runoff depending
upon rainfall intensity.

• Rate of infiltration:
Infiltration rate vary with type of soil. So runoff is great affected by soil
type as it define the capacity and speed of absorption of the soil.
 Increased flooding and property damage

• Impervious surfaces

• Infiltration

• Rate of surface runoff

• Risks of flooding and damage to public property

 causes of the increased flooding and
property damage

• Rainfall Intensity
If the rainfall intensity is greater than infiltration rate of soil
then runoff starts immediately after rainfall. Thus high
intensities of rainfall yield higher runoff and flooding arise.
 Case Study: Construction of a single family
residence on a cleared lot
• Size of lot = 3 acres
= 130680 ft²

• Average size of a single family residence = 2500 ft²

• Situation:

Forested Cleared Construction of single

family residence on lot

Cleared lot: 130680 ft²

Residence: 2500 ft²

 Comparison between Flow rates
 Using Rational Method
For urban catchments that are not complex and are generally 160 acres or less in
size, the Rational Method can be used for analyzing.

where
Q =Rate of Run-off/Flow/Discharge measured in inches per hour per acre (in/hr/ac);
however, this rate of in/hr/ac differs from cubic feet per second (ft3/s) by ˂ 1 %
C = Run-off coefficient
I = Rainfall Intensity ( inch/hour)
A = Area (acre)
 Recommended Runoff Coefficient Values Table
Description of Area Runoff Coefficients (C)
Sandy soil, flat, 2% 0.10
Sandy soil, average, 2 - 7% 0.15
Sandy soil, steep, > 7% 0.20
Lawns
Clay soil, flat, 2% 0.17
Clay soil, average, 2 - 7% 0.22
Clay soil, steep, > 7% 0.35
Unimproved Areas (forest)   0.15
Downtown Areas 0.95
Business
Neighborhood Areas 0.70
Single-family areas 0.50
Multifamily Units, detached 0.60
Residential Multifamily Units, attached 0.70
Suburban 0.40
Apartment Dwelling Areas 0.70
Light Areas 0.70
Industrial
Heavy Areas 0.80
Parks, cemeteries   0.25
Playgrounds   0.35
Railroad yard areas   0.40
Asphaltic and Concrete 0.95
Streets
Brick 0.85
Drives, Walks, and Roofs   0.95
Gravel Areas   0.50
Sandy Soil, Flat, 0 - 5% 0.30
Sandy Soil, Flat, 5 - 10% 0.40
Graded or No Plant Cover
Clayey Soil, Flat, 0 - 5% 0.50
Clayey Soil, Average, 5 - 10% 0.60

Source:
https://www.gwinnettcounty.com/content/LocalUser/pnd/stormwater_design_guide/WebHelp/stormwater_design_guide/Hydrolo
gy/Rational_Method/Recommended_Runoff_Coefficient_Values_Table.htm
Monthly Rainfall Trend in Mauritius
Month Average since Current
2011 (mm) Month(mm)
January 160.5 268.6 (2015)
February 148.0 116.0(2015)
March 179.9 303.2(2015)
April 107.7 82.6(2015)
May 73.1 73.0(2015)
June 54.3 128.0(2015)
July 44.9 85.4(2015)
August 48.1 50.2(Counting)
September 18.5 33.4(2014)
October 25.4 25.6(2014)
November 38.9 36.6(2014)
December 87.8 169.4(2014)

Source: Mauritius Meteorological Services

Case 1: Forest ;
Area= 3 acre;
Rainfall Intensity for July 2015 = 85.4mm/month
= 85.4mm /31/24
= 0.115mm/hour
= 0.004527 inch/hour ( 1mm/hr= 0.03937 inch/hr)

Q= CIA
= 0.15x 0.004527x 3
= 0.002037 ft3/s
= 57.68 cm3/s (1ft3/s = 28 316.85 m3/s)
Case 2: Cleared Lot ;
Area= 3 acre;
Rainfall Intensity for July 2015 = 85.4mm/month
= 85.4mm /31/24
= 0.115mm/hour
= 0.004527 inch/hour ( 1mm/hr= 0.03937 inch/hr)

Q= CIA
= 0.25x 0.004527x 3
= 0.003395 ft3/s
= 96.14 cm3/s (1ft3/s = 28 316.85 m3/s)
Case 3: Single Family Residence;
Area= 3 acre;
Rainfall Intensity for July 2015 = 85.4mm/month
= 85.4mm /31/24
= 0.115mm/hour
= 0.004527 inch/hour ( 1mm/hr= 0.03937 inch/hr)

Q= CIA
= 0.50 x 0.004527x 3
= 0.006790 ft3/s
= 192.27 cm3/s (1ft3/s = 28 316.85 m3/s)
 Table of Comparison

Case Flow rate

(cm3/s )
Forest 57.68
38.46
Cleared 96.14
Single Family Residence 192.27 96.13

 38.46 cm3/s = 0.03846 litres/s = 2.3 litres/min

+ 8.1 litres/min
 96.13 cm3/s = 0.09613 litres/s = 5.8 litres/min
Effects of the construction of the Single Family
Residence
Impermeable surfaces change surface runoff patterns
• Higher overland flow rates

Natural Ground Cover 10-20% Impervious Surfaces

Source: In Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes and Practices

d Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group
By the Federal
• Lower Infiltration rates

Source: http://greatlakesresilience.org/case-studies/infrastructure/using-relationships-encourage-long-time-
scale-project-implementation
 Less Trees Less Evapotranspiration
Precipitation decreases
 What can be done to mitigate these effects?

Vegetated Roof
(Green Roof)

Surface Run-off increased previously;

We have to decrease it ..
 Use pervious concrete instead of traditional ones
Impervious surfaces
which can be replaced
by pervious concrete.
  Domestic use of Porous
asphalt

 Gardens
 Rain water harvesting

Complex: Expensive

Simple
Conclusion