Sampling & Quantization

UNIT-5

Prepared by,
Ramesh.M, AP/ECE
Contents
• Low pass sampling theorem
• Aliasing
• Signal Reconstruction
• Quantization (Uniform & Non
Uniform)
• Quantization Noise
• Logarithmic Companding
• PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM
• TDM & FDM
ANALOG MODULATION PULSE MODULATION
Analog Digital
Low pass sampling theorem
Sampling
• Sampling is the process of converting continuous time signal in to
discrete signal
• Sufficient no. of samples must be taken, so that the original signal is
reconstructed properly.
(Nyquist Theorem)
 X =

Frequency Domain
Aliasing
Aliasing
• The interference of high frequency component with low frequency
components in the spectrum of the sampled version is called aliasing.

• How to avoid aliasing:

• Pre-alias filter or bandlimited filter can be used.

• fs>=2fm
Types of Sampling

Sampling

Instantaneous (or)
Impulse (or) Flat Top Sampling Natural Sampling
Ideal Sampling
Ideal Sampling
Natural Sampling
• Analog signal m(t) is sampled by flat top rectangular pulses with finite
width.
• The top of each pulse in the sampled signal retains the shape of
original signal.
Flat Top Sampling
• It uses sample & hold method.
• It is practically possible.
• It has very high noise interference.
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM)
• Pulse amplitude modulation is the basic form of pulse modulation.
• In this modulation, the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each
sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal.

Generation of PAM
Detection of PAM
Transmission bandwidth
Quantization
• Quantization is the process of mapping continuous amplitude
(analog) signal into discrete amplitude (digital) signal
Quantization
Types of Quantization
Quantization

Uniform Nonuniform
quantization quantization

Midtread

Midrise

Biased
Mid-tread Mid-rise
Pulse Code Modulation
Time Division Multiplexing
• Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a communications process that
transmits two or more streaming digital signals over a common
channel. In TDM, incoming signals are divided into equal fixed-length
time slots. 
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM block diagram