STRENGTH OF MATERIAL(REVISED)

NUMERICALS BASED ON FRAMES

Basic Concept

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Draw Axial Force diagram, Shear force diagram and Bending moment
diagram of following frame . Also indicate silent features.
3. PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE ( 5-hrs)

3.1. Deformation of hardened concrete, moduli of elasticity

3.2. Creep , Shrinkage and thermal expansion
3.3. Fatigue, impact and cyclic loading
3.4. Effect of porosity, Water-cement ratio and aggregate size
3.5. Durability of concrete.

4. INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL TYPES OF CONCRETE. (3hrs)

4.1. Light Weight Concrete.
4.2. Aerated concrete
4.3. No-fines concrete
4.4. High density Concrete
4.5. Fiber Reinforced Concrete
4.6. Self-compacting Concrete
4.7. Shortcrete
5. MIX-DESIGN OF CONCRETE (5-hrs)
5.1. Introduction to nominal mix
5.2. Probabilistic concept in mix design
5.3. Concrete mix-design as per DOE and IS method

6. TESTING OF CONCRETE AND QUALITY CONTROL (3 hrs)

6.1. Various strength of concrete: Tensile , Compressive, Shear and Bond

6.2. Compressive, Tensile and Bond Strength test
6.3.Non-destructive Tests.
6.4. Variability of concrete Strength and acceptance criteria.
6.5. Quality control and quality assurance
PART-II) MASONRY STRUCTURES
7. INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY STRUCTURES (4-hrs)
7.1) Compositions of masonry and different types of masonry
units .
7.2) Types of masonry Structures
7.2.1) Load Bearing and non-load bearing masonry
7.2.2) Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry
7.3) Properties and strength of cement mortar

8. DESIGN OF MASONRY WALL FOR GRAVITY LOADS

8.1) Introduction to codal provisions (NBC109)and (8-hrs)
guidelines(NBC202).
8.2) Design for gravity loads(Solid wall, wall with opening, wall
with eccentric loading and wall acting as column)
8.3) Bonding Elements in masonry: Band-stones, bands and
dowels
9. MASONRY WALLS UNDER LATERAL LOADS (5-hrs)
9.1) Elements of lateral load resisting masonry system
9.2) In-plane and Out-of-plane behavior of masonry wall
9.3) Failure behavior of masonry wall in lateral loads
9.4) Analysis for stresses on masonry walls under lateral load
9.5) Ductile behavior of reinforced and unreinforced
masonry structures

10. TESTING OF MASONRY ELEMENTS (3hrs)

10.1) Compressive Strength of masonry units and masonry
wall
10.2) Diagonal Shear test

10.3) Non-destructive test (Elastic wave tomography, Flat

jack and push shear test)

Text Books: M.s Shetty ( concrete technology), Arya ,A.s (Masonry )

Basic difference between static and dynamic loading

P P(t)
(Static) (Dynamic)

Accelerations producing inertia forces

Resistance due to internal elastic
(inertia forces form a significant portion
forces of structure
of load equilibrated by the internal
elastic forces of the structure)
In static problem: Response due to
In dynamic problem: Response due to
static loading is displacement only.
dynamic loading is displacement,
velocity and acceleration.

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Basic Concepts of Structural dynamics
Vibration and oscillation: If motion of the structure is
oscillating (pendulum) or reciprocatory along with
deformation of the structure, it is termed as VIBRATION.
In case there is no deformation which implies only rigid
body motion, it is termed as OSCILLATION.

Free vibration: Vibration of a system which is initiated by

a force which is subsequently withdrawn. Hence this
vibration occurs without the external force.

Forced Vibration: If the external force is also involved

during vibration, then it is forced vibration.
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Basic Concepts of Structural dynamics
Damping: All real life structures, when subjected to
vibration resist it. Due to this the amplitude of the
vibration gradually, reduces with respect to time. In case
of free vibration, the motion is damped out eventually.
Damping forces depend on a number of factors and it is
very difficult to quantify them.

The commonly used representation is viscous damping

wherein damping force is expressed as Fd=C x.
where x. = velocity and C=damping constant.

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 Dynamic Degrees of Freedom

The number of independent displacement

components that must be considered to
represent the effects of all significant inertia
forces of a structure.

Depending upon the co-ordinates to describe the

motion, we have

1. Single degree of freedom system (SDoF).

2. Multiple degree of freedom (MDoF).
3. Continuous system.
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 Dynamic Degrees of Freedom
Single Degree of Freedom: If a single coordinate is
sufficient to define the position or geometry of the mass of
the system at any instant of time is called single or one
degree of freedom system.
Multiple degree of freedom (MDoF): If more than one
independent coordinate is required to completely specify
the position or geometry of different masses of the system
at any instant of time, is called multiple degrees of freedom
system.
Continuous system: If the mass of a system may be
considered to be distributed over its entire length as shown
in figure, in which the mass is considered to have infinite
degrees of freedom, it is referred to as a continuous system.
It is also known as distributed system.
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Rayleigh’s method:
Maximum K.E. at the equilibrium position is equal to the maximum
potential energy at the extreme position.

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D’Alembert’s method:
D’Alemberts principle states that ‘a system may be in dynamic
equilibrium by adding to the external forces, an imaginary force,
which is commonly known as the inertia force’.
Using D’Alembert’s principle, to bring the body to a dynamic
equilibrium position, the inertia force ‘𝑚 𝑥 is to be added in the
direction opposite to the direction of motion.

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Free Vibration of Undamped - SDOF System
c  0 ;Undamped; mx·· + cx· + kx = p(t)
p ( t )  0 ; F r e e Vi b r a t i o n ;
Equationof motion :
x
k
mx. .  k x  0;
m
x 
. .
k m x  0 ; P(t) =0
x  
..
2
x  0; w h e re  2
 k
 m  k
m  2f ; f  1 T
Therootsareimaginary :
x 1,2    i  ;
Auxiliary
Equation: D 2  2 complementary function:
 0; e  t  Acos  t  B sin  t 
D2    2
; x(t)  Acos  t  B sin  t
D   i;

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Free Vibration of Undamped - SDOF System
  0;    ; Amplitude of motion
@ t  0; x 0  2

A; x v 
x 20   0 
 p
x .. t    
x t    B ; B x .  0  ; vo
A s i n t   B
 
cost; x0
x . 0
x( t)  x0 c o s  t  si n
 t t
t;
w h e re   k m rad / sec;

m  kg; k  N / m;
v0 .
Vo = X o &  =  T 
2
x(t)  x0 cos pt  sin pt p
p X 0=initial displacement
2
or V0 =initial velocity
 v0 
x(t)    sin ( pt
x 20
  p  ) =p is called circular frequency or angular
x0
where, tan   frequency of vibration (Rad/s)
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v0 p 21
Santosh Pandey – Msc(Structures)
Free Vibration of damped SDOF systems

k
m&x cx k x  0
& x& 
c
x& 
k
x  0 c m
m m
& x&  2 ζ p x &  p 2
x  0
x
where,
 is called circular frequency or angular
k frequency of vibration (Rad/s)
p

m c
ζ  (Dimensionless parameter) - A
c
2mp 2
km
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Free Vibration of damped SDOF systems
Thus r1t and r2 are solutions and, provided r and r are2 different from one
e e
another, the complete solution is
1

xce r1t
ce r2 t
1 2

The constants of integration c1 and c2 must be evaluated from the initial conditions
of the motion.

Note that for ζ >1, r1 and r2 are real and negative

forζ <1, r1 and r2 are imaginary and

forζ =1, r1= r2= -p

Solution depends on whetherζ is smaller than, greater than, or equal to one.

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 Free Vibration of damped SDOF systems
For  1 (Light Damping) :
(B)
x t  e  A cos pd t  B sin pd
 pt

t
where, p d  p 1  2

‘A’ and ‘B’ are related to the initial conditions as

follows
A  x0

v0
B  p  1  2 0
d
x
In other words, Eqn.B can also be written as,

   
pt v
x t    xo cos p d t  
1  2 xo sin pd t 
o
  p d
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e Santosh Pandey – Msc(Structures) 25
 
 g
Td= 2π / p d Extremum point ( x (t)  0)
Point of tangency (
cos( p d t )) 
2
x
T   Damped natural period 1
pdxn Xn+1
t
p  p 1 2  Damped circular natural frequency
d

Td  2  Damped natural period

pd
d  p
pfrequency1  Damped circular natural
2

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For   1 (Heavy Damping)

Such system is said to be over damped or super critically damped.

x(t)  C1 e (  ) t C 2e () t
i.e., the response equation will be sum of two exponentially decaying curve
In this case r1 and r2 are real negative roots.

xo

o t

27
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For 1
Such system is said to be critically damped.

x(t)  C e  p t  C te  p t
1
2

With initial conditions,

x ( t )   x0 1  p t  v 0 t   p t
e
The value of ‘c’ for which   1 Is known as the critical coefficient of
damping

 2mp  2 km
C cr

C
Therefore, 
Ccr

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Example 1:
A cantilever beam AB of length L is attached to a spring k and mass M as shown in Figure.
(i) form the equation of motion and (ii) Find an expression for the frequency of motion.

Stiffness due to applied mass M is

𝑘𝑏=𝑀/Δ=3𝐸𝐼/𝐿3
Equivalent spring
stiffness, 𝑘𝑒=(3𝐸𝐼/𝐿3)+k
𝑘𝑒=𝑘𝑏+𝑘
𝑘𝑒 =(3𝐸𝐼+𝑘𝐿3)/𝐿3

The differential equation of motion is,

𝑚 𝑥 ..=−𝑘𝑒 𝑥

The frequency of vibration,

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Problem 2: Calculate the natural angular frequency of the frame shown in figure.
Compute also natural period of vibration. If the initial displacement is 25 mm and initial
velocity is 25 mm/s what is the amplitude and displacement @t =1s.
In this case, the restoring force in the form of
spring force is provided by AB and CD which
are columns.
The equivalent stiffness is computed on the
basis that the spring actions of the two
columns are in parallel.

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 Problem 2

11/21/2016 Santosh Pandey – Msc(Structures) 41

 Problem 3: Following data are given for a vibrating system with viscous damping mass
m=4.5 kg, stiffness k= 30 N/m and damping C=0.12 Ns/m. Determine the logarithmic
decrement, ratio of any 2 successful amplitudes.

n  k 30
m  4 .5  2 . 5 8 r a d / s
cc r  2 m  n  2 ( 4 .5 x 2.58) 
23.22
c 0.12
   2 3.2 2  0 . 5 2 %
c cr
  2 
log a r t h m i c d e c re m e n t     0.033
(1  2
)
x1
Amplituderatio  e  1.033
x2

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Multiple degree of freedom systems
A multi degrees of freedom (dof) system is one, which requires two or more
coordinates to describe its motion.

These coordinates are called generalized coordinates when they are

independent
of each other and equal in number to the degrees of freedom of the system

08/07/2020 Dr.L.V.Prasad, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept, NITS 43

Two degree of freedom systems

m1 x.. 1 k 1 x1 k 2 (x1  x2 )

m x..2  k (x  x )  k
x
2 2 2 1 3
2

08/07/2020 Dr.L.V.Prasad, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept, NITS 44

Problem 4: A pedestal bridge platform is truss
supported as shown in Fig. by neglecting the
self weight of the truss , estimate the
frequency of vibration of the truss by
idealizing a simple spring-mass system.
Assume that are of cross section and young's
modulus are same for all members.

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Problem 4
Member Force (P) Unit force (p) Length (l) Ppl/AE
AB 0 0 L 0
BC 0 0 L 0
CF - W/2 - 1/2 L WL/4
FE - W/2 - 1/2 L WL/4
DE - W/2 - 1/2 L WL/4
AD - W/2 - 1/2 L WL/4
BD + W/√2 +1/√2 √2L WL/√2
BF + W/√2 +1/√2 √2L WL/√2
BE 0 0 L 0

P p L W L
  A E  2.414A E
W L
2.414  1
A E

A E 0 . 4 1 4
K
L
 n  k
m
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THANK YOU

Santosh Pandey (Msc Structures)

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