university of sulaimaniah

college of dentistry
presentation:- tumor immunity
asked by:dr.Han
Presented by:-
Rayan sdiq Dalya farhad
Lavin mohammad Dydar abduljabar
tumor immunity
Outline
What is tumor immunity
What are characteristics of tumor cells
What are anti tumor mechanisms
What is immunosurveillance
What are the most probable cancertherapy
Cancer immunology :-

is understanding the role of the

immune system in the progression
and development of cancer; the
most well known application is
cancer immunotherapy.
Tumor antigens
Antigen that can activate immune
system are shown in many
experimentally induced tumors.

They are classified into two categories

which shown below:-
 Tumor antigen

Those are present

Those are present on tumor & some
only on surfaces of normal cell
tumor (tumor associated
antigen)
Antigen which are presented on surface of
tumor

1-tissue specific antigen

they are considered differentiation of specific antigen
Example
Melanocyte specific protein like gp100 tyrosinase
these Peptide are present on melanocyte & melanoma

Immunization has to be considered carefully ?

 melanin are presented on
2-mutational change in proteins

Antigen are derived from mutated oncoprotein

&cancer suppressor protein.

-They are only presented on tumor cells .

So ,many tumor can carry same mutation & such antigen shared by many tumor
-
3-cancer-testis antigen
This type of antigen are silent in al adult tissue except testis it is name have came from that.
These proteins present in testis but are not antigen because sperm does not express MHC I

SO ,
PRESENCE OF THESE ANTIGEN IN ANY TISSUE IN BODY EXCEPT TESTS MEAN TUMOR
ARE PRESENT IN MANY TYPE OF TUMOR LIKE

LIVER
MELANOMA
LUNG CANCER
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
LIVER CANCER
Over expressed antigen
They are normal product of gene due to amplification or other mechanism

This category belongs to HER-29(neu)protein ;which are to litle to be recognize by

Tcell.

This type of antigen present in %30 of breast and ovarian cancer

Brest cancer
Ovarian cancer
 Viral antigen
Derived from oncogenic viruses such
HPV & EBV
Not present in normal cell
Shared between all tumor of similar type in deferent pts
ONCOFETAL ANTIGEN
(EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN)
Suchas carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)
ALPHA –fetoprotein

There are also other antigen like:
MusCins can give arise of some cancer like pancreas
and ovary and breast cancer belong to muc-1
antigen ,mucinE generates epitopses which is
previously covered by carbohydrates
Anti tumor mechanism

Immune system

Adaptive
immune system

Innate immune system

Cellulor Humoral
immunity immunity
Innate immune system :-
Skin and NK cell and macrophage
Adaptive immune system
T lymphocyte , B lymphocyte and it is
antibody
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CD8+Tcell)
CD8+Tcell kills
1-viral infected cell
2-neoplastic cell
Activation of CD8+ is by IN-2
TCR of CD8+
T cell bind to abnormal antigen bearing
MHC1
Secret perforin and gar enzyme and
induce apoptosis
NATURAL KILLER CELL
 provide first line of defense against:-
Tumor without previous sensitization
NK cell are activated by
IL2
IL12
IL15
They have FC .
 FC NKG2D

Recognize stress induce antigen

Fc receptor bind to IgG antibody

Nk cell have azurophilic granules which are

able to lys tumor cell

how NK cell recognize
tumor cell?
ANTI TUMOR
MECHANISM :-

TOW TYPE OF RECEPTOR

ACTIVATING KILLER INHIBITOR

RECEPTOR RECEPTOR
They secret INF-GAMA
macrophage
They are activated by INF –Y

They kill tumor by tow way:-

1-secretion of reactive oxygen products
2-TNF secretion
IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE
IS increase immunity of host against
tumor.
The idea comes from
%5 of individual s with congenital
Immunodefeciencies develop cancer

A rate is %200 more than individual without

such immunodefecincies.
Also pts with AIDS and transplant are get
malignancy
If immunosurveillance is exist
how tumor do cancer evade the
immune system?
Selective outgrowth of antigen –negetivev
variants :-

 Duringtumor progression ,strongly immunogenic

subclones may be eliminated
Loss or reduced expression of
histocompatability antigen
 Tumor cell may be fail to express normal levels of
human leukocyte antigen (HLA)class I .
 Escaping attack by cytotoxic Tcell ,however may
trigger NK cell s.
Lack of co-stimulation

Immunosuppression
Treatment of cancer
There are many type of cancer therapy
 Cancer therapy

chemothera radiation immunotherapy

py
Cancer immunotherapy (Immuno-
oncology or Onco-immunology)
is the use of the immune system to treat
cancer. Immunotherapies can be
categorized as active, passive or hybrid
(active and passive).
 These due to the fact that cancer cells often have
molecules on their surface that can be detected by the
immune system
Antibodies are playing a central role in both
recognizing foreign antigens and stimulating an
immune response
Two type of antibody used in cancer treatment
1- Naked monoclonal
are antibodies without added elements.
Most antibody therapies use this antibody type.
2-Conjugated monoclonal
antibodies are joined to another molecule, which is
either cytotoxic or radioactive.
Tumor reductive therapy is to reduce
tumor burden through direct killing of
tumor cells
Tumor reductive therapies include classic therapies (e.g.
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy), modern local
and systemic treatment modalities, (e.g. radiation frequency
ablation (RFA), and drugs that target specific molecules in the
cancer cells).
Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells (APCs) in
the mammalian immune system. In cancer treatment
they aid cancer antigen targeting
One method of inducing dendritic cells to present
tumor antigens is by vaccination with short peptides
(small parts of protein that correspond to the protein
antigens on cancer cells).
These peptides are often given in combination with
adjuvants (highly immunogenic substances) to
increase the immune and anti-tumor responses.
Other adjuvants include proteins or other chemicals
that attract and/or activate dendritic cells, such as
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(GM-CSF).
Dendritic cells can also be activated in vivo by making tumour
cells express GM-CSF. This can be achieved by either
genetically engineering tumor cells to produce GM-CSF or by
infecting tumor cells with an oncolytic virus that expresses
GM-CSF
Another strategy is to remove dendritic cells from the blood of
a patient and activate them outside the body. The dendritic cells
are activated in the presence of tumor antigens, which may be a
single tumor-specific peptide or a tumor cell lysate ، These cells
are infused and provoke an immune response.
Dendritic cell therapies include the use of antibodies
that bind to receptors on the surface of dendritic cells.
Antigens can be added to the antibody and can induce
the dendritic cells to mature and provide immunity to
the tumor. Dendritic cell receptors such as TLR3,
TLR7, TLR8 or CD40 have been used as antibody
targets.
Immunotherapy using vaccines and T cells With
sensitive assays and the precise knowledge of
antigens, we saw that modern tumor vaccines did
activate specific immune responses in patients
Reference
ROBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY (7th
EDITION)
YOUTUBE
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THANKYOU