-ing Clauses

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-ing clauses

Are used to express two actions performed by the same p

erson or thing.
There are 3 uses:
No. 1

Two actions happened at the same time or one happened during another.
That means it basically replaces (when or while) One action
happened
during the
While I was studying English, I listened to music. other
The same meaning can be conveyed using an –ing clause

Studying English, I listened to music.

Another example:
2 examples
I slammed the door leaving the class.
No. 2
To convey reasons and explanations.
That means it basically replaces (because)

Reason
Being a hard worker, I earn more money.
Reason
I got a stomachache eating so much cake.
Reason
Running so carelessly I hit my head
2 examples
No. 3

One action happened before another.

Notice the slight change: 2 examples

Having completed my master’s degree, I will rest.

Having run for two hours, I must take a break.

I listened to music having studied English.

One action
happened after the
other