Literature

Lifelong learning
Intuitive insight
Theater of Life
Enriching education
Radical richness
Artistry of form and language
Truth in the Telling
Undeniably pleasurable
Rapturous appreciation
Epiphany in Experience
 Literature
Literature – expression of man’s best
thoughts, feelings, and emotion in words
of truth and beauty.
- Life itself
A. Truth – applies to actuality, or what is
reality
B. Beauty – a quality that delights the
senses, or exalts the mind.
- Gives aesthetic pleasure
• Literature is a mirror of life. – Arsenia
Tan
• Literature is an art which uses
language.- John Henry Cardinal
Newman
1. Reveals the secrets of human heart.
2. Carry off the hidden grief.
3. Relieve the pain of the soul.
4. Record experience.
5. Convey sympathy
 LITERATURE
• comes from the Latin word “litera”
which means “an acquaintance with
letters”

• an imaginative or creative writing,

passed on from generation from
generation to generation by word of
mouth.
 LITERATURE
• valued works of art ( drama, fiction,
essays, biography, poetry)

• a product of a particular culture

 Literature leads to:
• Personal Fulfillment

• Academic Value
 Personal Fulfillment
1. Enjoyment
( A positive early experience lead to a
lifetime of reading enjoyment)
2. Imagination and Inspiration
3. Vicarious experience
4. Understanding and Empathy
5. Moral Reasoning
6. Literary and artistic awareness is to
recognize the style of the author
 Academic Value
1. Reading

2. Writing – develop their own writing

voice, personal writing style

3. Art Appreciation – uses illustrations

can be appreciated for its aesthetic and
cognitive value.
 Literary Standards
1. Universality
-appeals to everyone
2. Artistry
-has aesthetic appeal
3. Intellectual Value
-stimulates critical thinking
4. Suggestiveness
-has non-literal interpretations
5. Spiritual Value
-has the power to motivate and inspire
-elevates spirits and soul
Main Divisions

BACK
TO
SCHOOL
Main Divisions
A. Prose – written in
sentences and
paragraphs
- Language of the mind BACK
B. Poetry – written in TO
verses composing stanzas. SCHOOL
- Language of the heart
 Branches of Poetry
A. Lyric Poetry – a direct, songlike
expression of the poet’s thoughts
and feelings
Kinds:
1. Song – short, simple and direct to
the point
- Adapted for singing
2. Ode – poem intended to be sung
but longer that a song; addressed to
some admired person or object
3. Elegy – mournful poem
addressed to the dead; death

4. Dramatic lyric – the speaker is an

imagined character rather than BACK
the
poet TO
SCHOOL
 Branches of Poetry
B. Narrative – aims to tell in the form
of a story actual or fictional events
Kinds:
1. Epic – tells about the deeds and
adventures of heroes with
supernatural powers
2. Ballad – a poem intended to be
sung and tells a love story
3. Tale – a poem full of exaggeration
and fiction
• Elements of Poetry
1. Imagery- using senses
2. Figures of speech-
comparison,contrast,sounds
3. Rhyme- repetition of same sounds
4. Rhythm- pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables in each line
5. Meter- arrangement of strong and weak
stresses in lines of poetry that produces
the rhythm
Kinds of drama:
1. Comedy – a form of poetry with a happy
ending
2. Tragedy – a form of poetry with a sad
ending
3. Dramatic Monologue – a stage play with
only one person portraying all the
characters in the play BACK
4. Melodrama – a play with highly TO
sensational events accompanied with SCHOOL
music
5. Farce – a short comedy
• Elements of drama
1. Plot - the sequence of events or
incidents of which the story is
composed.
2. Character
3. Theme - the controlling idea or
central insight. BACK
4. Points Of View TO
SCHOOL
5. Symbol - a literary symbol means
more than what it is.
 Two Divisions of Prose
A. Fiction – include stories
that do no happen in real
life, or they lack facts for
their bases

B. Non-fiction – composed
of true to life events and
stories
Kinds of Fiction
1. Short story – a story read in one
sitting
- Has unity of characterization,
theme, and effect
2. Novel – has considerable length
- Has many plots, characters and BACK
setting TO
3. Legend – story of the origin or the SCHOOL
existence of a place, person, or
object
4. Adventures – stories filled
with suspense from the
beginning to the end
5. Allegories – stories that
give morals/lessons
a. Fable – story with makes
use of animals as
characters
b. Parable – story which
makes use of persons as
characters
 Kinds of Non-fiction
1. Biography – story of a person’s
life written by another person
2. Autobiography – story of a
person’s life written by himself
3. Diary – record of day to day
activities of the writer BACK
4. Letters – notes sent to persons TO
by the writer SCHOOL
5. Journals – written reports
on certain fields of education
6. Essays – written to give
the reader information,
entertainment or opinions
7. Current publications –
news items, articles in
newspapers and magazines
or other forms of periodicals
8. History – record of the
past
• Elements of Prose
1. Theme- about life
2. Characters-
a. Protagonist
b. antagonist
3. Setting – place and time
4. Point of view
a. First Person- narrates the story in
one of the characters/author
b. Third Person
b1. Omniscient
b2. Limited
Approaches (Maramba, 2003)
1. Formalistic or Literary Approach
- Viewed intrinsically
- Based on Literary elements

2. Moral/Humanistic Approach
- Close to morality of literature
- Questions characters’ actions
 Approaches (Maramba,
Approach 2003)
nd product of the times and
ces on which it was written

cal Approach
Approaches (Maramba, 2003)
5. Cultural Approach
- A manifestation/vehicle of a nation’s
culture and tradition

6. Psychological Approach
- Expression of personality, inner drives
- Includes the psychology of the author,
of the characters
Approaches (Maramba, 2003)
7. Impressionistic
- Elucidates ‘reaction response’ which is
considered as something very personal,
relative and fruitful
 Elements of a Narrative
I. Setting
- The time and place which a story takes
place
a. Place – geographical location
b. Time – historical period, time of day,
year, etc.)
c. Weather Condition
 Elements of a Narrative
I. Setting
- The time and place which a story takes
place
d. social conditions – (speech,
mannerisms, conditions)
e. Mood/Atmosphere – feeling created
 Elements of a Narrative
II. Plot
- Sequence of events in a story
a. Introduction – beginning (characters,
setting)
b. Rising Action- events between the
introduction and climax
 Elements of a Narrative
II. Plot
c. Climax – turning point of the story
d. Falling Action – complications begin to
resolve
e. Resolution/ Denouement – untangling
of events
 Elements of a Narrative
II. Plot
-- CONFLICT
- Opposition of forces which ties one
incident to another and makes the plot
move.
2 TYPES
1. External – outside one’s self
2. Internal – within one’s self
 Elements of a Narrative
II. Plot
-- CONFLICT
6 KINDS OF CONFLICT
1. Man vs. Man
2. Man vs. Circumstances
3. Man vs. Society
4. Man vs. Himself
5. Man vs. Nature/Fate/god
6. Ideological conflicts
 Elements of a Narrative
III. Characters – participants in the story
According to Roles Played
A. Major Characters

1. Protagonist – central character

2. Antagonist – force against the
protagonist
 Elements of a Narrative
III. Characters – participants in the story
According to Roles Played
B. Minor Characters

1. Confidante – whom the protagonist or

another character reveals his reflections
or hopes
 Elements of a Narrative
III. Characters – participants in the story
According to Roles Played
B. Minor Characters
2. Foil – who provides a striking contrast
to another character
3. Stock/Type – who shows qualities of a
national, social, or occupational group
 Elements of a Narrative
III. Characters – participants in the story

According to Description

A. Flat – simply depicted

B. Round – three-dimensional; complex;
many-sided
 Elements of a Narrative
III. Characters – participants in the story

According to Changes Undergone in the

Story
A. Static – who doesn’t change
B. Dynamic – who undergoes a
permanent change in some aspects of
his personality
 What is an Archetype?
• An archetype is a pattern
from which other, similar
things can be developed.
• It is a kind of “original
model.”
• For example, “the Flood” is an
archetypal image that exists in myths
across many cultures. The basic model
is a huge flood covering the entire
planet, initiating a kind of “clean slate.”
 Archetypal Characters
• Hero/Heroine • Mad Scientist
• Sidekick/Helper • Femme Fatale
• Villain • Don Juan
• Wise Sage
• Star-Crossed Lovers
• Witch/Shrew
• Outcast
• Underdog
• Oracle • Stern Father
• Caring Mother • Damsel in Distress
• Earth Mother • Sacrificial Lamb
 Archetypal Situations

• The task/trial • Pursuit of revenge

• The journey • Descent into the
• The Quest underworld/heavenly
ascent
• The loss of
innocence • Searching for father
• The initiation • Damsel in distress
• Apocalypse • Banishment of the
prince
 Elements of a Narrative
IV. Point of View
– angle of the story
a. First Person- narrates the story in one
of the characters/author
b. Third Person
b1. Omniscient
b2. Limited
b3. Editorial
 Elements of a Narrative
V. Theme
- controlling idea
- author’s underlying meaning
VI. Symbolism
- person, place, object which has a
meaning
- anything that suggests meaning
- some symbols are
conventional/unconventional