Construction of Induction Motor

•  three phase Induction motor mainly consists

of two parts called as the Stator and
the Rotor.
• The stator is the stationary part of the
induction motor, and the rotor is the rotating
part..
 Working Principle

• We need to give double excitation to make a DC motor

to rotate. In the DC motor, we give one supply to the
stator and another to the rotor through brush
arrangement.
• But in induction motor, we give only one supply, so it is
interesting to know how an induction motor works.
• It is simple, from the name itself we can understand
that here, the induction process is involved.
• When we give the supply to the stator winding, a
magnetic flux gets produced in the stator due to the
flow of current in the coil.
• The rotor winding is so arranged that each coil becomes
short-circuited.
• The flux from the stator cuts the short-circuited coil in
the rotor.
• As the rotor coils are short-circuited, according to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the current
will start flowing through the coil of the rotor.
• When the current through the rotor coils flows, another
flux gets generated in the rotor.
• Now there are two fluxes, one is stator flux, and another
is rotor flux.
• The rotor flux will be lagging in respect of the stator flux.
• Because of that, the rotor will feel a torque which will
make the rotor to rotate in the direction of the rotating
magnetic field.
 Torque equation of three phase induction motor
• Torque of a three phase induction motor is
proportional to flux per stator pole, rotor
current and the power factor of the rotor.
T ∝  ɸ I2 cosɸ2      OR      T = k ɸ I2 cosɸ2 .
where,
ɸ = flux per stator pole
I2 = rotor current at standstill,
ɸ2  = angle between rotor emf and rotor current,
k = a constant.
• Now, let E2 = rotor emf at standstill
we know, rotor emf is directly proportional to
flux per stator pole, i.e. E2 ∝ ɸ.
therefore, 
• T ∝ E2 I2 cosɸ2        OR      T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2.
 Starting torque
• The torque developed at the instant of
starting of a motor is called as starting torque. 
let, R2 = rotor resistance per phase
    X2 = standstill rotor reactance
 Torque under running condition

T ∝ ɸ Ir cosɸ2 .
where, Er = rotor emf per phase under running
condition = sE2.  (s=slip)
          Ir = rotor current per phase under running
condition
• At the synchronous speed, s = 0, therefore,
the torque is zero. When the speed is very
near to synchronous speed. The slip is very
low and (sX20)2 is negligible in comparison with
R2. Therefore,

• If R2 is constant, the torque becomes

• The torque slip curve is a straight line.

• As the slip increases, the speed of the motor
decreases with the increase in load. The term
(sX20)2 becomes large. The term R22 may be
neglected in comparison with the term
(sX20)2 and the torque equation becomes 
• Beyond the maximum torque point, the value
of torque starts decreasing.