SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, SOCIAL INTERACTION

&
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION – A GROUP OF SOCIAL
POSITIONS , CONNECTED BY SOCIAL RELATIONS,
PERFORMING A SOCIAL ROLE.
GENERAL CATEGORIZATIONS OF SOCIETIES ON THE BASIS
OF SOLIDARITY:

1. GEMEINSCHAFT

2. GESSELSCHAFT
GEMEINSCHAFT – A COMMUNITY OF INTIMATE,
PRIVATE, AND EXCLUSIVE LIVING FAMILISM.
GESSELSCHAFT – A ‘PUBLIC LIFE’ ;
CHARACTERIZED BY IMPERSONAL, SECONDARY,
CONTRACTUAL, AND RATIONALIZED
RELATIONSHIPS
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

1. PRIMARY GROUP

2. SECONDARY GROUP

3. FORMAL GROUP

4. INFORMAL GROUP
PRIMARY GROUP – CONSIDERED AS THE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE SOCIETY;
RELATIONSHIPS ARE PERSONAL AND INTIMATE
SECONDARY GROUP – IMPOSES
PATTERNS OF CONFORMITY ON THEIR MEMBERS;
RELATIONSHIPS ARE IMPERSONAL, FORMAL,
BUSINESS-LIKE AND RATIONAL
FORMAL GROUPS – IMPORTANT IN
INDUSTRIALIZED & COMPLEX SOCIETIES; SOCIAL
STRUCTURES DELIBERATELY ORGANIZED TO
ATTAIN SPECIFIC GOALS WHICH MEET MOST
FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
INFORMAL GROUPS – FORMED SPONTANEOUSLY
WITHOUT ANY CONSCIOUS EFFORT OF THE
PARTICIPANTS; CAN BE FOUND WITHIN FORMAL
GROUPS
 REFERENCE GROUPS

-SYMBOLIC REFERENCE OR ANCHOR FOR THE

INDIVIDUAL
-IS THE GROUP TO WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL
ASPIRES OR RELATES TO PSCHOLOGICALLY.
-ONE’S MEMBERSHIP GROUP TO WHICH ONE IS
OFFICIALLY ATTACHED OR RECOGNIZED
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

1. THE CROWD

2. THE AUDIENCE

3. THE MASS

4. THE PUBLIC
THE CROWD – A TRANSITORY GROUP OF
PERSONS IN AN AMBIGUOUS AND
UNSTRUCURED SITUATION WHERE
PARTICIPANTS DO NOT HAVE A CLEAR AND PRE-
EXISTING KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO BEHAVE

TYPES OF CROWDS…
A. CASUAL CROWD – A SPONTANEOUS, LOOSELY
ORGANIZED AND VERY MOMENTARY TYPE OF
GROUPS WHOSE MEMBERS COME AND GO
B. CONVENTIONAL CROWD – ESTABLISHED
REGULAR WAYS OF BEHAVING, DEPENDING UPON
THE TIME AND PLACE OF PERFORMANCE AND
ORDER OF ACTIVITIES
C. ACTING CROWD – AN ACTIVE, VOLATILE
GROUP OF EXCITED PERSONS WHOSE ATTENTION
IS FOCUSED ON A CONTROVERSIAL OR
PROVOCATIVE ISSUE WHICH AROUSES ACTION
D. PANIC CROWD – PEOPLE ARE LARGELY
AFFECTED BY FEAR

E. EXPRESSIVE CROWD – CHARACTERIZED BY

RYTHMIC ACTIVITY, INTENSE EMOTIONAL
CONTAGION, AND EMOTIONAL RELEASE; ACTS
BUT DOES NOT DEVELOP ANY GOAL
BACK TO TYPES OF COLLECTIVE
BEHAVIOR…
2. THE AUDIENCE – “INSTITUTIONALIZED
CROWD”
; USUALLY PASSIVE AND CONTROLED BY
CERTAIN CULTURAL RULES
3. MASS – A NUMBER OF DESPERATE
INDIVIDUALS, EACH RESPONDING INDEPENDENT
LY TO THE SAME STIMULUS
- Marxist stratification / Philippine case
4. THE PUBLIC – LIKE THE MASS, THE PUBLIC IS
A DISPERSED COLLECTIVITY AND, LIKE THE
CROWD, IT INCLUDES THE ELEMENTARY
PROCESSES OF MILLING AND RUMOR.
- THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO AGREE OR
DISAGREE.
 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS:
1. EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS

2. RESISTANCE AND PROTEST MOVEMENTS

3. REFORM MOVEMENTS

4. REBELLION AND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS

5. NON-VIOLENT AND PEACEFUL REVOLUTIONS

1. EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENT – A FORM OF DISSENT
AGAINST THE EXISTING POWER STRUCTURES.
MEMBERS ARE USUALLY DISSATISFIED WITH THE
SOCIETY THEY LIVE IN. THIS TYPE OF MOVEMENT
TENDS TO HAVE INTENSE EFFECTS ON THE
PERSONALITIES OF THE MEMBERS.
2. RESISTANCE AND PROTEST MOVEMENTS –
BROUGHT ABOUT BY STRUCTURAL STRAIN; AIM
TO CHANGE EXISTING SOCIAL VALUES AND
INSTITUTIONS. PROTEST & TO OPPOSE SOCIAL
POLICIES OR PROGRAMS
3. REFORM MOVEMENTS – DIRECTED AT
CHANGING CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL
CLASS STRUCTURE OR A SEGMENT OF THE
POWER RELATIONS IN A SOCIAL SYSTEM.
4. REBELLION AND REVOLUTIONARY
MOVEMENTS – AIM TO CHANGE THE WHOLE
SOCIAL ORDER AND REPLACE THE
LEADERSHIP.
5. NON-VIOLENT AND PEACEFUL REVOLUTIONS –
A REVOLUTION WITH NO ONE GETTING
HARMED.
SOCIAL INTERACTION

-A BASIC SOCIAL PROCESS, A UNIVERSAL

PRINCIPLE WITHOUT WHICH NO SOCIAL LIFE IS
POSSIBLE.

-THE WAY IN WHICH PEOPLE RESPOND OR

COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER WITHIN
SOCIAL CONTEXTS
BASIC PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONISM:

1. COOPERATION
2. COMPETITION
3. CONFLICT
4. WAR
5. DIFFERNTIATION
6. EXCHANGE
1. COOPERATION – A CONJOINT ACTION;
MEMBERS ACHIEVE MUTUAL ADVANTAGE AND
ALL THE PARTICIPANTS SHARE THE REWARD
2. COMPETITION – A FORM OF STRUGGLE TO
SECURE A REWARD OR A GOAL.
3. CONFLICT – STRUGGLE OVER THE VALUES OR
CLAIMS TO STATUS, POWER AND SCARCE
RESOURCES
4. WAR – MOST VIOLENT AND INTENSE FORM OF
CONFLICT; WREAKS HAVOC ON LIFE AND
PROPERTY & DISRUPTS AND DISORGANIZES
THE EXISTING SOCIAL ORDER
5. DIFFERENTIATION – A WAY TO ELIMINATE
COMPETITION.

EX. . AN ENGINEER AND A DOCTOR DO NOT

COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER.
6. EXCHANGE – ONE TRANSFERS SOCIAL
GOODS,
SERVICES AND ITEMS TO ANOTHER. BOTH
PARTIES FEEL THAT THEY WILL BENEFIT FROM
FREQUENT AND VOLUNTARY INTERACTION
 RESOLUTION TO CONFLICTS
1. ACCOMMODATION – A CONDITION AND A
PROCESS
.-. AS A CONDITION – “THE FACT OF EQUILIBRIUM
BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS AND THE
RULES OF THE GAME WHICH HAVE TO BE
FOLLOWED” – MACK AND PEASE (1973:69)
.-. AS A PROCESS – “THE CONSCIOUS EFFORTS OF
MEN TO DEVELOP SUCH WORKING
ARRANGEMENTS AMONG THEMSELVES AS WILL
SUSPEND CONFLICT AND MAKE THEIR
RELATIONS MORE TOLERABLE AND LESS
WASTEFUL OF ENERGY.” – MACK PEASE
(1973:69)
TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION

1. DOMINATION
2. TRUCE
3. COMPROMISE
4. CONCILIATION & MEDIATION
5. ARBITRATION
6. TOLERATION
1. DOMINATION – A CHARACTERISTIC OF
THE SUPERORDINATE-SUBORDINATE TYPE OF
RELATIONSHIP WHERE THE STRONGER PARTY
IMPOSES ITS WILL TO MAKE THE OTHER YIELD

2. TRUCE – AN AGREEMENT TO CEASE

HOSTILITIES OR FIGHTING FOR A CERTAIN
PERIOD OF TIME; BOTH PARTIES SEEK TO ARRIVE
AT A PEACEFUL AND MUTUALLY SATISFACTORY
SOLUTION
3. COMPROMISE – REFERS TO THE MUTUAL
GIVING OF CONCESSIONS AND WITHDRAWAL OF
SOME DEMANDS

4. CONCILIATION AND MEDIATION - WHEN TWO

PARTIES CANNOT RESOLVE THEIR
DISAGREEMENTS, A THIRD PARTY INTERVENES.
.-. CONCILIATION – EFFORT IS MADE TO GET THE
PARTIES AGREE
.-. MEDIATION – THE NEUTRAL PARTY MAKES
SUGGSTIONS FOR SETTLEMENT
5. ARBITRATION – A SPECIAL METHOD OF
SETTLING DISPUTES THROUGH THE EFFORTS OF A
THIRD PARTY THAT MAY BE CHOSEN BY
CONTENDING PARTIES OR APPOINTED BY SOME
LARGE AGENCY OF POWER

6. TOLERATION – A FORM OF ACCOMMODATION

WITHOUT FORMAL AGREEMENT. .. A RESULT OF
THE “LIVE AND LET LIVE” POLICY OR THE
AGREEMENT TO DISAGREE. ..THEY MAINTAIN
THEIR IDENTITY AND YET INTERACT WITH EACH
OTHER PEACEFULLY