This document discusses adjectives and adverbs. It defines adjectives as modifiers that can be compared and identifies their types including demonstrative, possessive, numeral, and descriptive. It also defines adverbs and classifies them by meaning into manner, place, time, intensifying, and distinguishing. The document discusses the forms, functions, and positions of both adjectives and adverbs.
This document discusses adjectives and adverbs. It defines adjectives as modifiers that can be compared and identifies their types including demonstrative, possessive, numeral, and descriptive. It also defines adverbs and classifies them by meaning into manner, place, time, intensifying, and distinguishing. The document discusses the forms, functions, and positions of both adjectives and adverbs.
This document discusses adjectives and adverbs. It defines adjectives as modifiers that can be compared and identifies their types including demonstrative, possessive, numeral, and descriptive. It also defines adverbs and classifies them by meaning into manner, place, time, intensifying, and distinguishing. The document discusses the forms, functions, and positions of both adjectives and adverbs.
ADJ.&ADV. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • ADJECTIVE is a modifier that has a grammatical property of comparison. • It is often identified by special derivational endings, or by special adverbial modifiers that precede it. • TYPES OF ADJECTIVES: 1. DEMONSTRATIVE: THIS/THAT, THESE/THOSE 2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: MY, YOUR, HIS/HER 3. NUMERAL ADJ.: CARDINAL (FOUR, TWENTY-FIVE), ORDINAL (FOURTH, SIXTH) 4. ADJ. OF INDEFINITE QUANTITY: SOME, ANY, ALL 5. RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE ADJ.: WHOSE,WHAT ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS 6. DESCRIPTIVE ADJ. (usually indicate quantity, or a physical state such as: age, size, color). - Some DESCRIPTIVE ADJ. take the form of: a) PROPER ADJ.: a Chatolic church, a French dish b) PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES: 1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: an interesting book 2. PAST PARTICIPLE: a tired housewife c) ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS: 3. WITH PARTICIPLES - Present participle: a good-looking girl - Past participle: a turned-up nose ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS 2. WITH –ED SUFFIX added to nouns functioning as the second element of a compound: absent- minded, ill-tempered. • FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVES: Adjectives modify a noun, or a pronoun. - Adjectives modifying a noun: a SMALL boy (atributively) - Adjectives modifying a pronoun: everybody e+ ELSE, he is SMALL. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS • POSITION OF ADJECTIVES: 1. PRE-POSITION: before a noun head: a TALL man 2. POST-POSITION: court-MARITAL, 3. AFTER THE LINKING VERBS: BE, SEEM, APPEAR,LOOK: The boy is TALL 4. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS AND THEIR OBJECTS, AS OBJECT COMPLEMENTS: All his friends considered him INTELLIGENT 5. IN SPECIAL VERB-ADJECTIVE COMBINATIONS THAT EXPRESS A STATE: hold TIGHT, stand STILL, open WIDE. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS • FORMS OF ADJECTIVES: a) INFLECTIONAL FORMS: - DEMONSTRATIVES have two separate forms for sg. and pl. (two different forms) - DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES have special forms only for comparison: -er/-est - THERE ARE PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES when inflectional suffixes are added: y>i: happy-happier, the happiest); doubling of final consonant: big-bigger-the biggest; final E is dropped: large-larger-the largest. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS • DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES are usually added to nouns, or verbs: a) Suffixes changing NOUNS to adjectives: -i (al), -ar, -ary/-ery,-ed, -en, -esque, -ful, -ic (al), -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -ward, -wide, -y, etc. b) Suffixes changing VERBS into adjectives: -able/-ible, -ent/ant, -ed, -ile, -ing, -ive, -at (ory). ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS • ADVERBS • Types of adverbs classified by MEANING: a) MANNER ADVERBS (with the most characteristic adverbial form -LY ending: quickly, neatly, happily, etc. b) PLACE AND DIRECTION ADVERBS: here, outside, left, stright, etc. • TIME ADVERBS: a) DEFINITE TIME, a fixed boundary in time: yesterday, today, etc. Some of them have NOUN FORMS: He works NIGHTS and sleeps DAYS; b) INDEFINITE TIME, NO FIXED BOUNDARY: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS 1. Words like: RECENTLY, NOWADAYS, JUST, ALREADY; 2. Words denoting sequence in time: NOW, THEN, BEFORE, AFTER; 3. Words denoting frequency: ALWAYS, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, NEVER. • INTENSIFAYING ADVERBS: a) ADVERBS OF DEGREE (QUANTIFIERS), denoting ‘’how much’’: VERY, TOO, QUITE, EXTREMELY; b) ADVERBS OF DEGREE, denoting ‘’how complete’’: ALMOST, ENTIRELY, NEARLY, PARTIALY: 1. DEGREE OF COMPLETION WITH RESPECT TO VERBS 2. DEGREE OF COMPLETION WITH RESPECT TO ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS c) DISTINGUISHING ADVERBS (EMPHASIZERS): ESPECIALLY, EXACTLY, MERELY... • TYPES OF ADVERBS CLASSIFIED BY FUNCTION: a) SENTENCE ADVERBS – they modify the whole sentence: FORTUNATELY, PRESUMABLY, ACTUALLY; - Most of them have –LY form like MANNER ADVERBS, but they reflect the independent opinion of the speaker; - Many words ending in –ED + -LY are SENTENCE ADVERBS: UNEXPECTEDLY, DECIDEDLY; ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS b) CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS – they establish a relationship between one sentence, or clause and the preceding sentence, or clause; - They indicate relationships like: RESULT (THEREFORE, ACCORDINGLY), ADDITION (MOREOVER, BESIDES), CONTRAST (HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS), CONDITION (OTHERWISE), TIME (THEN); c) EXPLANATORY ADVERBS – they illustrate, or ennumerate: NAMELY, FOR EXAMPLE, AS, I.E., E.G., etc. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS d) RELATIVE/INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS: WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW: 1. RELATIVE ADVERBS introduce adjective clauses (relative clauses) 2. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS (in questions; in noun clauses derived from questions) - Exclamatory adverb HOW: ‘’How beautiful she is!’’ • POSITION OF ADVERBS: a) INITIAL POSITION (before the subject) – position of the greatest emphasis b) MID-POSITION (with the verb) – position of close modification of the verb ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS c) FINAL POSITION (after the verb + object, or other complement). • FORMS OF ADVERBS: a) INFLECTIONAL FORMS: Adverbs have inflectional forms only for comparison ADV. OF MANNER (mostly one-syllable adverbs), ADV. OF TIME, ADVERBS OF DISTANCE&DIRECTION are usually compared by adding : -ER, -EST. The –LY ADVERBS OF MANNER are compared by the use of : MORE, THE MOST. ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS b) DERIVATIONAL FORMS: Most ADVERBS OF MANNER, many SENTENCE ADVERBS, and some ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY AND DEGREE are formed by adding derivational suffix –LY to a DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE; - Adjectives that already end in –LY are often used in unchanged form as ADVERBS • Some spelling rules: 1. Final –Y preceded by a consonant is changed into – I (happy – happily) 2. With ADJECTIVES ending in: -BLE, -PLE,-DLE, the –LE is dropped before –ly: POSSIBLE – POSSIBLY, SIMPLE - SIMPLY ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 3. With ADJECTIVES ending in: -IC, -AL is added before –LY: BASIC – BASICALLY 4. With ADJECTIVES ending in silent –E, the –E must be retained before –LY: EXTREMELY, ENTIRELY, SINCERELY 5. With ADJECTIVES ending in –L, the –L must be retained before –LY: BEAUTIFULLY, ACCIDENTALLY, TOTALLY. - DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES other than -LY for ADVERBS are: WARD (S) (BACKWARD(S);WISE (OTHERWISE) - There is one DERIVATIONAL PREFIX THAT SIGNALS ADVERBS: -A (APART, APIECE, ALONG, AHEAD). EXERCISES: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS 1. Indicate by ADJ if the final word of the sentence is an ADJECTIVE, or by ADV if it is ADVERB: a) The sun burnt the grass QUICKLY. b) We can make breakfast EARLY. c) We shall leave the room EMPTY. d) Pull the rope HARD. e) We found the people FRIENDLY. f) What made my bed so HARD? EXERCISES 2. The manner in which something is done can be expressed with –LY adverbs. Change the following sentences using an –LY adverb: a) Her action was STUPID. b) Her singing was BAD. c) Her jugement (of distance )was CORRECT. d) Her speaking (of German) is BAD. e) Her walk was CARELESS. f) Her speech was ANGRY. g) His playing (of tennis) is MAGNIFICENT. EXERCISES 3. Give the COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE OF: Big difficult rude bad good Much easy old hot expensive 4. Make ADJECTIVES from the following (use suffixes only): Friend sleep anger critic Mystery glamour attract salt EXERCISES 5. Are the word in capital letters right, or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong: a) I am tired because I have been working HARD. b) I tried HARD to remember her name, but I could not. c) This coat is practically unused. I have HARDLY worn it, d) She is a good tennis player. She hits the ball HARDLY. e) Do not walk so FAST! I can not keep up with you! f) Why are you walking so SLOW? Are you tired? 6. Put the right word: c) The driver of the car was _____________injured (SERIOUS/SERIOUSLY) d) The driver of the car had a ______________(SEROUS/SERIOUSLY) injury. EXERCISES c) I think you behaved very ________(SELFISH/SELFISLY) d) Rose is __________upset about losing her job (TERRIBLE/TERRIBLY) e) There was a _________change in the weather (SUDDEN/SUDDENLY).