Introduction To Transistor: Do Not Add Any Content in This Area

Course : B.
TECH Branch : ECE/EE Year/Semester : III By :POONAM SAINI

SEMESTER
INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSISTOR
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Course : B.TECH Branch : ECE/EE Year/Semester : III By :POONAM SAINI
SEMESTER
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSISTOR
• Transistor is a current carrying device.
• Transistors are also three port devices used in most integrated
circuits, such as amplifiers.
• Transistors are active components.
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• There are two types of transistor:
1. The unipolar or field effect transistor (FET), its operation is due to the
flow of majority carriers only (either electrons or holes).
2. The bipolar junction transistor, its operation depends on the flow of
majority and minority carriers.
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SEMESTER
• The bipolar junction transistor is one of the most important
and widely used semiconductor devices
• Its principal applications are as an amplifier or as a switch
• Generally transistors are highly efficient, robust, incredibly
reliable and usually inexpensive
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Course : B.TECH Branch : ECE/EE Year/Semester : By :POONAM SAINI
IIIISEMESTER
CONSTRUCTION OF BJT
• A bipolar junction transistor consists of two pn junctions in close proximity
to each other.
• Two arrangements are possible – according to whether the middle region is
n- or p-type material npn or pnp.
• Leads are attached to the three regions, known as emitter, base, and
collector.
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SEMESTER
CONSTRUCTION OF BJT
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SEMESTER
CONSTRUCTION OF BJT
Transistors are three terminal active devices made from different semiconductor
materials that can act as either an insulator or a conductor by the application of a
small signal voltage. The transistor's ability to change between these two states
enables it to have two basic functions: "switching" (digital electronics) or
"amplification" (analogue electronics). Then bipolar transistors have the ability to
operate within three different regions:
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SEMESTER
CONSTRUCTION OF BJT
1. Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and Ic = β.Ib
2. Saturation - the transistor is "fully-ON" operating as a switch and Ic =
I(saturation)
3. Cut-off - the transistor is "fully-OFF" operating as a switch and Ic = 0
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SEMESTER
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION

As the Bipolar Transistor is a three terminal device, there are basically
three possible ways to connect it within an electronic circuit with one
terminal being common to both the input and output. Each method of
connection responding differently to its input signal within a circuit as the
static characteristics of the transistor vary with each circuit arrangement.
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SEMESTER
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION
1. Common Base Configuration - has Voltage Gain but no Current Gain.

2. Common Emitter Configuration - has both Current and Voltage Gain.
3. Common Collector Configuration - has Current Gain but no Voltage
Gain.
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SEMESTER
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION
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SEMESTER

 In a Transistor circuit symbol :-
 The arrow on the emitter indicates the direction of
conventional current flow under normal bias conditions
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SEMESTER

• The majority of current in a pnp transistor is carried by holes which, being
positively charged particles, move in the same direction as conventional current
flow.
• In an npn transistor, the majority of current is carried by electrons.
• The theory of operation of an npn transistor is in all respects the same as that Of
a pnp device.
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• An amplifier is a device that boosts the power of a signal, whilst keeping
its waveform the same
• Transistors are used in amplification circuits
• In normal use as an amplifier, the pn junction between collector and base
is reversed biased and the junction between emitter and base is forward
biased
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SEMESTER

• The operation of the transistor is also dependent on the width of the
material used to construct the base region.
• The effect or reducing the base width is to increase the collector current,
IC, whilst correspondingly reducing the base current, IB.
• The emitter current, IE, is highly dependent on the base-emitter voltage,
VBE
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SEMESTER
THE COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONFIGURATION
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• In the Common Emitter or grounded emitter configuration, the input signal is applied between
the base, while the output is taken from between the collector and the emitter as shown. This
type of configuration is the most commonly used circuit for transistor based amplifiers and
which represents the "normal" method of bipolar transistor connection. The common emitter
amplifier configuration produces the highest current and power gain of all the three bipolar
transistor configurations. This is mainly because the input impedance is LOW as it is
connected to a forward-biased PN-junction, while the output impedance is HIGH as it is taken
from a reverse-biased PN-junction.
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SEMESTER

• In this type of configuration, the current flowing out of the transistor must be equal to the
currents flowing into the transistor as the emitter current is given as Ie = Ic + Ib. Also, as the
load resistance (RL) is connected in series with the collector, the current gain of the common
emitter transistor configuration is quite large as it is the ratio of Ic/Ib and is given the Greek
symbol of Beta, (β). As the emitter current for a common emitter configuration is defined as Ie
= Ic + Ib, the ratio of Ic/Ie is called Alpha, given the Greek symbol of α. Note: that the value
of Alpha will always be less than unity.
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SEMESTER

• Since the electrical relationship between these three currents, Ib, Ic and Ie is
determined by the physical construction of the transistor itself, any small change in
the base current (Ib), will result in a much larger change in the collector
• current (Ic). Then, small changes in current flowing in the base will thus control the
current in the emitter-collector circuit. Typically, Beta has a value between 20 and
200 for most general purpose transistors.
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SEMESTER

• Then to summaries, this type of bipolar transistor configuration has a
greater input impedance, current and power gain than that of the common
base configuration but its voltage gain is much lower. The common emitter
configuration is an inverting amplifier circuit resulting in the output signal
being 180o out-of-phase with the input voltage signal.
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SEMESTER
ADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTOR
• Smaller mechanical sensitivity.
• Lower cost and smaller in size, especially in small-signal circuits.
• Low operating voltages for greater safety, lower costs, and tighter clearances.
• Extremely long life.
• No power consumption by a cathode heater.
• Fast switching.
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SEMESTER
DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTOR
• Due to its small size, it is difficult to trace out faulty ones due to failure. Moreover
it is very difficult to unsolder and replace new ones.
• Manufacturing techniques are very complex and requires clean room environment.
• Transistor has non zero ON resistance. Hence when it is ON, voltage across
transistor is never zero. Moreover during OFF state also, there is flow of small
leakage current. Hence it does not work as efficiently as mechanical switch or
electrical switch or relay.
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SEMESTER
APPLICATIONS OF TRANSISTOR
• The core use of transistors include switching applications or both as amplification
and switching.
• There is a kind of transistors which produce current flow depending on the amount
of light shined upon them, those are known as phototransistors.
• Bipolar Junction Transistors(BJT) can cause a greater current flow from the emitter
to collector when a small amount of current is passed through the base.
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SEMESTER
Thank You!
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Course : B.

TECH Branch : ECE/EE Year/Semester : III By :POONAM SAINI

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION

1. Common Base Configuration - has Voltage Gain but no Current Gain.

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR OPERATION

THE COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONFIGURATION

THE COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONFIGURATION

THE COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONFIGURATION

THE COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONFIGURATION

THE COMMON EMITTER (CE) CONFIGURATION

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