BASIC GEOGRAPHY

GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
LESSON1:
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
Objectives:
At the end of the chapter
• Explain the meaning of Geography.
• Discuss the importance of the Study of Geography.
• Explain the Branches of Geography.
• Discuss the Elements of Geography.
• Explain how Geography affects the daily life of the people.
WHAT IS
GEOGRAPHY?
 TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY
• Maps (Cartography – map-making)

• Remote Sensing

• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

• Statistical Analysis
TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY
REMOTE SENSING
• Is a tool used in Geography that involves obtaining
information (images) about an area without having physical
contact with that area
• Aerial photos
• Satellite imagery
• Radar imagery
• Infrared imagery
 Harp Seals
Example

B & W Panchromatic Ultraviolet

Algae Bloom Example

Color Color IR
TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY
GIS
(GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS)

• A computer-based map with information

• One can then use the map and information to
manipulate, analyze and graphically display referenced
information
• Great for planning and analysis for both Human and
Physical Geography
TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• Using statistical analysis (e.g., t-test, chi-square,
multivariate stats) to verify a statistically
significant relationship
• Used by both Physical and Human Geographers
Six Essential Elements
of Geography?
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
 The Graphic
Representation
of the Earth
 TIME ZONES
• Time is dependent on longitude

• There are 24 time zones on Earth

• Each time zone is roughly 15° of longitude

• Time zone lines do not exactly coincide with meridians of

longitude – they “zig-zag” to match political boundaries
 INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

• At the 180° meridian of longitude, is the International Date Line (IDL), where
each new day begins
• New dates begin at the IDL and proceed westward, so that west of the line is
always one day later than east of the line.
• If you were to fly across this line from east to west (e.g., California to Japan), you lose
a day (add a calendar day)
• If you were to fly across this line from west to east (e.g., Japan to California), you gain
a day (subtract a calendar day)
Greenwich, England
 All
about
MAPS
4. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
-a topographic map or topographic
sheet is a type of mapcharacterized by
large-scale detail and quantitative
representation of relief, usually using 
contour lines (connecting points of
equal elevation), but historically using a 
variety of methods. 

Topography concerns the shape and character of the

Earth's surface and maps were among the first
artifacts to record these observations
5. DOT-DENSITY MAP
A dot distribution map, or
dot density map, is a map
type that uses a dot symbol
to show the presence of a
feature or a phenomenon.
Dot maps rely on a visual
scatter to show spatial
pattern.
6. PROPORTIONAL CIRCLE MAP
These are used for showing a quantity
(such as the population of a country)
that can be divided into parts (such as
different ethnic groups). A circle is
drawn to represent the total quantity. It
is then divided into segments
proportional in size to the components.
The actual size of the circle can also be
used to represent data.
7. CHLOROPLETH MAP

a map that uses differences in

shading, coloring, or the
placing of symbols within
predefined areas to indicate
the average values of a
property or quantity in those
areas.
8. CARTOGRAM MAP
A cartogram is a map in which
some thematic mapping variable –
such as travel time, population, or
GNP – is substituted for land area
or distance. The geometry or space
of the map is distorted, sometimes
extremely, in order to convey the
information of this alternate
variable. They are primarily used
to display emphasis and for
analysis as nomographs
9. FLOW LINE MAP
Flow maps are a type of thematic map
used in cartography to show the
movement of objects between different
areas. These types of maps can show
things like the movement of goods across
space, the number of animal species in a
specific migration pattern, as well as
traffic volume and stream flow. 
Think of it like “peeling an orange”
MAP PROJECTIONS
• A map projection is a spherical model of the Earth put on a flat surface.
• All maps have distortion (going from a 3-dimensional object to 2-
dimensions)
• Different types of projections…all trying to maintain one or some of the
following properties…
• Area
• Shape
• Distance
• Direction
TYPES OF MAP PROJECTIONS
MERCATOR MAP
(FROM CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION)
ROBINSON MAP
 MAP SCALE
• The scale of a map is the ratio between the measurement of
something on the map and the corresponding measurement on Earth
• Scale is represented in 3 ways
• Verbally (one inch equals one mile)
• Graphically (----------- equals one mile)
• Representative fraction (1:63,360)
• A large scale map shows a lot of detail. A “zoomed in” image (e.g.,
1:50,000)
• A small scale map is a “far away” view of an image (e.g.,
1:500,000)
 Small-Scale Map

Large-Scale Map
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
QUESTIONS?
Recap:
1. Defined Geography
2. Tools of Geography
3. Elements of Geography
4. The Graphic Representation of the Earth
• Globe and Maps
QUESTIONS?
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020