Basic Instrumentation

Delivered by: Rahat Sarwar

 Basic Instrumentation
Temperature
Measurement
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Contents

a) Temperature & Temp. Scales

b) Heat, Types & Transfer of Heat

c) Temperature Measuring Methods

d) Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

e) Thermocouple ( TC )
Temperature
It is the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Temperature
determines the direction of flow of heat between two bodies.
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Temperature scales

Celsius (0 to 100 o
C)
Fahrenheit (32 to 212 o
F)
Kelvin (273 to 373 K)
Rankine (492 to 672 R)
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Temperature scales
• Fahrenheit: A temperature scale defines by 32 oF at the ice
point and 212 oF at the boiling point of water at sea level.
• Celsius (Centigrade): A temperature scale defined by 0 oC at
the ice point and 100 oC at the boiling point of water.
• Kelvin: Absolute temperature scale based on the Celsius scale,
but with zero K defined at absolute zero. 0 oC corresponds to
273.15 K
• Rankin: Absolute temperature scale based on the Fahrenheit
scale, but with zero R defined at absolute zero.
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Absolute zero: Temperature at which thermal energy is at a minimum.

Defined as 0 Kelvin or 0 Rankin (-273.15 oC or -459.67 oF ).

Freezing point: The temperature at which a substance goes from the

liquid phase to the solid phase.

Melting point: The temperature at which a substance transforms from

a solid phase to a liquid phase.

Boiling point: The temperature at which a substance in the liquid

phase transforms to the gaseous phase. Commonly refers to the boiling
point of water, 100 oC (212 oF ).
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Heat is the total kinetic energy of the molecules. Thermal energy

typically expressed in calories or BTUs.

Transfer of Heat
Conduction
– The transfer of heat due to molecular motion through a solid
is known as conduction.
Convection
– In liquids transfer of heat in a fluid by the movement of the
fluid itself, is called convection.
Radiation
– The transfer of heat by invisible light, without the use of a
medium: e.g. the radiation of heat from the sun to the earth.
 Transfer of Heat

Conduction It is the transfer of heat due to molecular motion

 Transfer of Heat

Convection It is the transfer of heat in a fluid by the movement of

the fluid
 Transfer of Heat

Radiation
The transfer of heat by invisible light, without the use of a medium
Transfer of Heat
Transfer of Heat
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Expansion Glass Thermometer

Bimetallic Thermometer
Filled System Thermometer

Electrical Change Resistance Temperature Detector (R.T.D)

Thermocouple

Pyrometer Optical pyrometer

Radiation Pyrometer
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Glass Thermometers
 Liquid expands as temperature rises

 Device consists of small bore glass tube & thin wall glass bulb
 Filled with mercury ( Hg freeze at -39°C)

Advantages & Disadvantages

• Low cost, simple and accurate.
• Fragile
• Can’t be used for recording & transmission
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Thermometers
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Bimetallic Thermometer
Two different metals with different coefficients of thermal
expansion are bonded together. As the temperature changes from
the bonding temperature the unequal expansion of the two metals
will cause the bimetal strip to curl. If one end is fixed the other
end displaces in response to temperature changes.

Bimetal strips can be fabricated into coils, spirals, and disks.

Frequently used in on-off temperature control (thermostats)
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Bimetallic Thermometer
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Filled System Thermometer

Filled system thermometer works on the principle of the
expansion and contraction of fluids. When liquid is heated, its
pressure will increase, for this reason a bourdon tube is used as a
thermometer.
 Temperature Measurement Methods

Resistance Temperature Detector (R.T.D)

RTD stand for resistance temperature

detector. Some metal’s resistance
increase on increase of temperature.
Resistance changes with temperature.
RTD is useful only when it

connected to an electric circuit.

 Temperature Measurement Methods

Thermocouple
Thermocouple produce electric current when subjected to
temperature changes. They are made by connecting two different
metals to form a closed circuit. If one of the two connections or
junctions is heated, current will flow through the circuit, the
amount of current produced depends on the difference in
temperature between the two junctions and on the characteristics
of the two metals.
Thermocouple types
Thermocouple Material Color Coding
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Thermocouple ( TC )
Resistance Temperature Detector ( RTD )
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RTD

TC
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RTD TC
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Thermo well
It is used to isolate the Instruments from the Process
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Thermo well
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Pyrometer
Measure temperature by measuring the amount of energy radiated
by the hot object. Radiation pyrometers are sensitive to the entire
spectrum of radiant energy.
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Temperature Switch
A bourdon tube, a diaphragm or bellow can
actuate the switch. The switch usually is a
micro-switch or a mercury switch.
Temperature switches are use to actuate alarm
and shutdown systems. A temperature switch
can turn an electric circuit ON or OFF at a
preset temperature. This temperature is called
the set point of the switch.
Temperature Switch High & Low Setting
Q & A Session ????