Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biomolecules: You Are What You Eat!
Biomolecules: You Are What You Eat!
Biomolecules: You Are What You Eat!
Sugar
Starch
Carbs
How does our body break
down this bread?
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Structure
Sugar
Many
Polysaccharide
Starch
Long chains of simpler sugars joined together
These big molecules are called macromolecules
Also called polysaccharides or polymers
Slower to break down in the body & provide energy for a
longer period of time than regular sugars.
Cellulose
Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose.
Made from chains of thousands of glucose molecules, but the difference
is in how they’re linked.
your body cannot digest cellulose the same way it can starches &
sugars.
Structure
Sugar
Two
Di saccharide
Structure
Sugar
One
Monosaccharide
Examples of Simple Sugars
Sugar
Break down quickly in the body
Provide a quick burst of energy or a “sugar
rush”
Glucoseis the most important & simplest
sugar on Earth.
Used in cells & created by photosynthesis
It comes in many forms
Function of Carbohydrates
Serve 2 main functions:
1. Source of chemical energy for cells in many living
things.
2. Part of the structural material of plants
Loaf of bread Bread crumbs Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Whey
Protein
Meat
Polypeptide
Peanut
butter
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Polypeptide
Meat
Amino Acid
Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: polypeptide
Monomer: Amino Acids
•Contains C, H, O, N, S
•20 types
•Ex.: polypeptide
•Building block: amino
acids
Polymer: Polypeptide
•Sequence
determined by
DNA
•3-D and folds to
take up less space
Function of Proteins
Provides us with building
blocks for life!
Also regulate most functions in
a cell.
Glycoproteins (antigens)
Combines w/DNA to form
chromosomes
Antibodies (fights disease)
Function of Proteins
Provides structure & strength
(fibers)
Transports molecules in & out
cells
Hemoglobin (transports O2)
Enzymes (speeds up rxns)- has
–ase suffix
Acts as hormones (insulin)-
many proteins have suffix of -in
LIPIDS
Lipids include:
Fats
Oils
Most lipids are made of just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
But unlike carbohydrates, fats are more complex & take
much longer to break down.
So, fats are high-energy molecules that plants and animals
use to store energy in reserves for longer periods.
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
LOOK FOR THE “E”
Monomer:
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Saturated and Unsaturated
Saturated fats
only single bonds in the carbon
chain
Most animal fats
“bad” fats
Diets high in saturated fat are
linked to heart disease
Unsaturated fats
one or more double bonds in the
carbon chain
Most oils from plants
“good” fats
Fat Examples
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Function
Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen
(few oxygen)
Fat best method of STORING
forms cell membranes
Insulates body (maintains homeostasis)
Nucleic Acids
Contains C, H, O, N, P
Ex: DNA/RNA
Bldg. Block: NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
Nucleotide: Nitrogen Bases
5 types
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine (in DNA only)
In DNA: In RNA:
Uracil (in RNA only)
C-G C-G
A-T A-U
Nucleotides:
5-carbon sugar and phosphate group
2 types of sugars
Ribose (in RNA only)
Deoxyribose (in DNA
deoxyribose ribose only)
Phosphate group
Contains phosphorus &
oxygen
Function
Polypeptide: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
contains the genetic code
stores
& transmit
heredity/genetic information
foundin the nucleus
(mitochondria)
Double stranded (double helix)
Function
Polypeptide: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Carries info from DNA to
cell
Helps in protein synthesis
found in ribosomes &
nucleoli
Single stranded
Polypeptide: ATP
Contains
adenine, ribose sugar,
3 phosphates
Stores and releases energy
Concept
Section 2-3 Map
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbon
Compounds
include
Sugars and
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
starches
which contain which contain which contain which contain