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Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Hypothesis
Chapter 11
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
LO1 Test a hypothesis that two independent population means
with known population standard deviations are equal.
LO2 Carry out a hypothesis test that two population proportions
are equal.
LO3 Conduct a hypothesis test that two independent population
means are equal assuming equal but unknown population
standard deviations.
LO4 Conduct a test of a hypothesis that two independent
population means are equal assuming unequal but unknown
population standard deviations.
LO5 Explain the difference between dependent and independent
samples.
LO6 Carry out a test of hypothesis about the mean difference
between paired and dependent observations.
11-2
Comparing two populations – Some
Examples
1. Is there a difference in the mean value of residential real
estate sold by male agents and female agents in south
Florida?
2. Is there a difference in the mean number of defects
produced on the day and the afternoon shifts at Kimble
Products?
3. Is there a difference in the mean number of days absent
between young workers (under 21 years of age) and older
workers (more than 60 years of age) in the fast-food
industry?
4. Is there is a difference in the proportion of Ohio State
University graduates and University of Cincinnati graduates
who pass the state Certified Public Accountant
Examination on their first attempt?
5. Is there an increase in the production rate if music is piped
into the production area?
11-3
LO1 Test a hypothesis that two independent
population means with known population
standard deviations are equal.
Comparing Two Population
Means: Equal Variances
No assumptions about the shape of the populations are
required.
The samples are from independent populations.
The formula for computing the value of z is:
Use if sample sizes 30 Use if sample sizes 30
or if 1 and 2 are known and if 1 and 2 are unknown
X1 X 2 X1 X 2
z z
12 22 s12 s22
n1 n2 n1 n2
11-4
LO1
The U-Scan facility was recently installed at the Byrne Road Food-
Town location. The store manager would like to know if the mean
checkout time using the standard checkout method is longer than
using the U-Scan. She gathered the following sample information.
The time is measured from when the customer enters the line until
their bags are in the cart. Hence the time includes both waiting in
line and checking out.
11-5
LO1
EXAMPLE 1 continued
11-6
LO1
Example 1 continued
Step 4: Formulate a decision rule.
Reject H0 if Z > Z
Z > 2.33
11-7
LO1
Example 1 continued
Step 5: Compute the value of z and make a decision
Xs Xu
z
s2 u2
ns nu
5.5 5.3 The computed value of 3.13 is larger than the
critical value of 2.33.
0.40 2 0.30 2
Our decision is to reject the null hypothesis. The
difference of .20 minutes between the mean
50 100 checkout time using the standard method is too
large to have occurred by chance.
0.2
3.13 We conclude the U-Scan method is faster.
0.064
11-8
LO2 Carry out a hypothesis test that two
population proportions are equal.
11-9
LO2
Two Sample Tests of
Proportions
We investigate whether two samples came from
populations with an equal proportion of successes.
11-10
Two Sample Tests of LO2
Proportions continued
The value of the test statistic is computed from the
following formula.
11-11
LO2
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
11-12
LO2
11-13
LO2
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
11-14
LO2
Two Sample Tests of Proportions -
Example
Step 5: Select a sample and make a decision
The computed value of -2.21 is in the area of rejection. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected at the .05 significance level.
To put it another way, we reject the null hypothesis that the proportion of young women
who would purchase Heavenly is equal to the proportion of older women who would
purchase Heavenly.
11-15
LO2
11-16
LO3 Conduct a hypothesis test that two independent
population means are equal assuming equal but
unknown population standard deviations.
11-17
LO3
11-18
LO3
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population
Standard Deviations (the Pooled t-test)
11-19
LO3
H0: µ1 = µ2
H 1: µ1 ≠ µ 2
11-20
LO3
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population Standard
Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
11-21
LO3
Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population Standard
Deviations (the Pooled t-test) - Example
11-22
LO3
11-23
LO3
11-24
LO4 Conduct a test of a hypothesis that two
independent population means are equal assuming
unequal but unknown population standard deviations.
11-25
LO4
Comparing Population Means with Unequal Population
Standard Deviations - Example
8 8 3 1 9 7 5 5 12
12 11 10 6 8 9 9 10 11 9 8 10
11-26
LO4
11-27
LO4
Step 3: Find the appropriate test statistic using the unequal variances
t-test
11-28
LO4
Comparing Population Means with Unequal Population
Standard Deviations - Example
The computed value of t is less than the lower critical value, so our
decision is to reject the null hypothesis. We conclude that the
mean absorption rate for the two towels is not the same.
11-29
LO4
Minitab
11-30
LO5 Carry out a test of hypothesis about the mean
difference between paired and dependent
observations.
For example:
If you wished to buy a car you
would look at the same car at two
(or more) different dealerships and
compare the prices.
If you wished to measure the
effectiveness of a new diet you
would weigh the dieters at the start
and at the finish of the program.
11-31
LO5
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Dependent Samples
Use the following test when the samples are
dependent:
d
t
sd / n
Where
d is the mean of the differences
sd is the standard deviation of the differences
n is the number of pairs (differences)
11-32
LO5
Hypothesis Testing Involving
Dependent Samples - Example
H0: d = 0
H1: d ≠ 0
11-34
Hypothesis Testing Involving LO5
Paired Observations -
Example
Step 4: State the decision rule.
Reject H0 if
t > t/2, n-1 or t < - t/2,n-1
t > t.025,9 or t < - t.025, 9
t > 2.262 or t < -2.262
11-35
Hypothesis Testing Involving LO5
Paired Observations -
Example
Step 5: Compute the value of t and make a decision
11-36
LO5
11-37
LO6 Explain the difference between dependent and
independent samples.
11-38