GYPSUM

CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Forms of gypsum
• Classification of gypsum
• Uses of POP
• Manufacture of dental plaster & stone
-Types of calcination
• Setting reaction
• Theories of setting of reaction
• Types of gypsum products
- Impression Plaster
- Model Plaster
- Dental Stone
- Dental Stone, High Strength, low Expansion
- Dental Stone, High Strength, High Expansion

• Manipulation
-Water powder ratio
-Mixing time
-Working time
-Setting time
• Methods to determine setting time
• Control of setting time
• Factors controlled by Manufacturer
• Factors controlled by Operator
• Properties
-Setting expansion
Hygroscopic expansion
-Strength
-Surface hardness and abrasion resistance
-Reproduction of details
-Solubility
• Armamentarium
• Recent Advances
• Infection Control
 Introduction
• Gypsum is a naturally occurring
white powdery mineral mined in
various parts of the world, with
chemical name calcium sulfate
dihydrate ( CaSO4.2H2O ).
• Gypsum is derived from a greek
word “Gypsas” (chalk)
FIRST MINED AROUND THE CITY OF PARIS
AND SO WAS CALLED PLASTER OF PARIS
 FORMS 0F GYPSUM
 Albaster:-Pure white, fine
grained and translucent

 Satin spar :- Fibrous needle

like with silky luster

 Selenite:- Colorless, crystalline

and transparent.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
•According to ADA specification number 25
TYPE I IMPRESSION PLASTER

TYPE II MODEL PLASTER

TYPE III DENTAL STONE

DENTAL STONE – HIGH STRENGTH

TYPE IV LOW EXPANSION

DENTAL STONE – HIGH STRENGTH

TYPE V & HIGH EXPANSION
 USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS

 To make moulds and casts

 To mount
the cast on
articulator

 To make molds for curing dentures

 For OMF Impression

 To Prepare dies

 For Bite
Registration
MANUFACTURING OF
GYPSUM PRODUCTS

GYPSUM PRODUCTS ARE

MANUFACTURED BY A
PROCESS KNOWN AS
CALCINATION
 CALCINATION
DIHYDRATE HEMIHYDRATE
CaSo4 . 2H2O CaSo4 . 1/2H2O

HEAT
 110. -130. C
Caso4.2H2O Caso4.1/2H2O
GYPSUM PLASTER OR STONE
(CALCIUM (CALCIUM SULPHATE
SULPHATE HEMIHYDRATE)
DIHYDRATE)
130 . -200.C

Caso4
HEXAGONAL ANHYDRITE

200 . -1000 .C

Caso4
ORTHORHOMBIC ANHYDRITE
TYPES OF CALCINATION
DRY CALCINATION:
DRY CALCINATON IS A PROCESS BY WHICH CALCIUM
SULPHATE IS HEATED IN AN OPEN VESSEL OR KETTLE TO A
TEMPERATURE OF 110 – 1200 C IN THE ABSENCE OF WATER
BETA TYPE OF CRYSTALS ARE FORMED.

WET CALCINATION:
WET CALCINATON IS A PROCESS BY WHICH CALCIUM
SULPHATE IS HEATED IN A CLOSED VESSEL OR KETTLE TO
A TEMPERATURE OF 1230 C IN THE PRESENCE OF STEAM
AND PRESSURE . ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE CRYSTALS ARE
FORMED.
DRY CALCINATION: WET CALCINATION:
(BETA HEMIHYDRATE) (ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE)

 IMPRESSION PLASTER  DENTAL STONE

MODEL PLASTER DIE STONE
 PARTICLES ARE  PARTICLES ARE
LARGER AND SMALLER AND
IRREGULAR DENSER
 REQUIRES MORE  REQUIRES LESS
WATER WATER
 POROUS  MORE DENSE
 LOWER STRENGTH AND  GREATER
HARDNESS STRENGTH AND
HARDNESS
 MANUFACTURING
IMPRESSION PLASTER

IMPRESSION PLASTER

IMPRESSION PLASTER IS
MANUFACTURED BY DRY
CACINATION
MANUFACTURING
PLASTER OF PARIS

PLASTER OF PARIS

PLASTER OF PARIS IS
MANUFACTURED BY DRY
CALCINATION
 MANUFACTURING
DENTAL STONE
H2O
H2O
DENTAL STONE

DENTAL STONE IS MANUFACTURED BY WET

CALCINATION AT 1230 C & 117 KPa
PRESSURE FOR 5 -7 Hrs
 MANUFACTURING DIE
STONE
H2O
H2O DIE STONE

DIE STONE IS MANUFACTURED BY WET

CALCINATION IN THE PRESENCE OF
CALCIUM CHLORIDE (30%) AND
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
 SETTING REACTION

HEMIHYDRATE
DIHYDRATE
Ca(SO4 ) 2. H2O + 3 H2O 2(CaSo4 ) . 2H2O +
HEAT
+ Unreacted
(Caso4)2.1/2H2O
THEORIES OF SETTING

Colloidal theory

HYDRATION THEORY

Dissolution –Precipitation theory

most widely accepted
 HEMIHYDRATE + H20
HEMIHYDRATE
DISSOLVES
MORE HEMIHYDRATE
DISSOLVES IN WATER

SOLUTION IS NO FORMS
LONGER DIHYDRATE
SUPERSATURATED

SOLUTION BECOMES
DIHYDRATE CRYSTALS SUPERSATURATED WITH
PRECIPITATE DIHYDRATE

MASS THICKENS AND HARDENS INTO NEEDLE LIKE CRYSTALS

CALLED SPHERULITES
TYPES OF GYPSUM
PRODUCTS
TYPE - I : IMPRESSION
PLASTER

• WIDELY USED AT ONE TIME

AS IMPRESSION MATERIAL
• ITS USE IS RESTRICTED TO
MAKING CORRECTIVE WASH
IMPRESSIONS
• HAS GOOD DETAIL
REPRODUCTION
 PLASTER WAS FIRST USED AS AN
IMPRESSION MATERIAL IN 1844 –
WESTCOTT, DWINELLE AND DUNNNING
 COMPOSITION
INGREDIENT USE

PLASTER OF PARIS BASIC INGREDIENT

ACCELERATES SETING
POTASSIUM SULPHATE, POTASSIUM
AND REDUCE SETING
CHLORIDE & POTASSIUM NITRATE
EXPANSION
SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM
RETARDERS
BICARBONATE & BORAX

STARCH INERT FILLER WHICH

FACILITATES SEPERATION
OF THE CASTS

PALATABLE TO THE
COLORING AND FLAVORING AGENTS
PATIENT
 TYPE – II : MODEL
PLASTER

• COMPOSITION INCLUDES
BETA HEMIHYDRATE AND
MODIFIERS .
• USED FOR MAKING STUDY
MODELS, MOUNT STONE
CASTS & FILL FLASKS
• STRONGER THAN TYPE I
TYPE – III : DENTAL
STONE
• HYDROCAL
• COMPOSITION INCLUDES
ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE AND
MODIFIERS
• USED FOR MAKING STONE
CASTS & FILL FLASKS
• STRONGER THAN TYPE I &
TYPE II
TYPE – IV : DENTAL STONE, HIGH
STRENGTH LOW EXPANSION
• DIE STONE

• COMPOSITION INCLUDES
ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE AND
MODIFIERS
• HAS HIGH STRENGTH,
HARDNESS AND MINIMUM
SETTING EXPANSION
• USED FOR MAKING DIES
TYPE – V : DENTAL STONE, HIGH
STRENGTH & HIGH EXPANSION

• COMPOSITION INCLUDES
ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE
AND MODIFIERS
• USED FOR MAKING DIES
FOR HIGH MELTING BASE
METAL ALLOYS
manipulation
 WATER TO
POWDER RATIO
WEIGHT OF
WATER
WATER TO =
POWDER RATIO
WEIGHT OF
POWDER

50 ML
W:P RATIO = = 0.5
100 GMS
 WATER TO
POWDER RATIO

INCREASED WATER INCREASED

TO POWDER RATIO SETTING TIME

DECREASED WATER DECREASED

TO POWDER RATIO SETTING TIME
 WATER TO
POWDER RATIO

TYPE I 0.50 – 0.75

TYPE II 0.45 – 0.50
TYPE III 0.28 – 0.30
TYPE IV 0.22 – 0.24
TYPE V 0.18 – 0.22
 MIXING TIME

IT IS THE TIME FROM THE

ADDITION OF POWDER TO
THE WATER UNTIL MIXING IS
COMPLETED

PROLONGING MIXING TIME

DISRUPT GROWING CRYSTALS
INTO TWO RESULTING IN
FASTER SETTING MIX
 HAND MIXING – 60 SECONDS

MECHANICAL MIXING – 20-30 SECONDS

 WORKING TIME

IT IS THE TIME FROM THE

START OF MIXING UNTIL THE
MIX HAS BEGAN TO THICKEN
CONSIDERABLY SO THAT IT IS
NO MORE WORKABLE

WORKING TIME – 3 MINUTES

 SETTING TIME
TIME THAT ELAPSES FROM THE
BEGINNING OF MIXING UNTIL THE MATERIAL
HARDENS IS KNOWN AS SETTING TIME

INITIAL SETTING TIME

INITIAL SETTING TIME IS THE STAGE
WHEN WATER ON THE SURFACE OF THE
MIX DISAPPEARS

FINAL SETTING TIME

FINAL SETTING TIME IS THE TIME WHEN

THE CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS IS
COMPLETED AND THE MATERIAL IS SET
 SETTING TIME

TYPE I 3- 5 MINUTES

TYPE II 8 - 16 MINUTES

TYPE III 8 - 16 MINUTES

TYPE IV 8 - 16 MINUTES

TYPE V 8 - 16 MINUTES

FOLLOW MANUFACTURER’S INSTRUCTIONS

 METHODS TO
DETERMINE SETTING
TIME
 LOSS OF GLOSS
LOSS OF SURFACE GLOSS OF THE
MIXED MASS INDICATES THE INITIAL
SET OF THE MASS

 EXOTHERMIC REACTION

THE TEMPERATURE RISE OF THE MASS

 PENETRATION TESTS

BY USING PENETROMETERS
 VICAT PENETROMETER TEST
• A ROD WEIGHING 300 GM WITH A
NEEDLE OF 1MM DIAMETER IS USED TO
PENETRATE THE TEST SPECIMEN
• THE NEEDLE IS ALLOWED TO
PENETRATE AFTER THE SPECIMEN HAS
REACHED LOSS OF GLOSS
• VICAT SETTING TIME IS THE TIME WHEN
THE NEEDLE FAILS TO PENETRATE TO
THE BOTTOM OF THE CONTAINER
• DETERMINES INITIAL SETTING OF
GYPSUM
 GILLMORE TEST

• INITIAL SETTING TIME IS DETERMINED

USING THE SMALLER NEEDLE

• FINAL SETTING TIME IS DETERMINED

USING THE HEAVIER NEEDLE

• THE TIME AT WHICH THE NEEDLE NO

LONGER LEAVES AN IMPRESSION ON
THE SPECIMEN IS TAKEN AS THE
SETTING TIME
 READY TO USE CRITERION

• THIS IS THE TIME AT WHICH THE SET

MATERIAL MAY BE SAFELY HANDLED
• IT IS THE TIME WHEN THE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH IS AT LEAST 80 % OF THAT
ATTAINED AT ONE HOUR
• IT IS 30 MINUTES FOR MOST MODERN
PRODUCTS
 CONTROL OF SETTING TIME
1. SOLUBILITY OF HEMIHYDRATE
INCREASED DECREASED

SETTING TIME SETTING TIME

IS DECREASED IS INCREASED
 CONTROL OF SETTING TIME
2. NUMBER OF NUCLEI OF CRYSTALLIZATION

INCREASED DECREASED

SETTING TIME SETTING TIME

IS DECREASED IS INCREASED
 CONTROL OF SETTING TIME
3. RATE OF CRYSTAL GROWTH

INCREASED DECREASED

SETTING TIME SETTING TIME

IS DECREASED IS INCREASED
FACTORS CONTROLLED
BY THE MANUFACTURER

1. TERRA ALBA
2. IMPURITIES
3. FINENESS

4. ACCELERATORS
5. RETARDERS
 TERRA ALBA

TERRA ALBA IS SET GYPSUM

WHICH ACTS AS AN
ACCELERATOR (1%)

IT IS ADDED TO GYPSUM
PRODUCTS DURING THE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
ACTS BY PROVIDING
ADDITIONAL NUCLEI OF
CRYSTALLIZATION.
 IMPURITIES

IMPURITIES LIKE HEXAGONAL ANHYDRITE

DECREASES SETTING TIME AND
ORTHORHOMBIC ANHYDRATE INCREASES
SETTING TIME
 FINENESS

FINER THE PARTICLE SIZE

SHORTER THE SETTING TIME
ACCELERATORS

ACCELERATOR IS A CHEMICAL
ADDED TO DECREASE THE
SETTING TIME

THEY INCLUDE
1. SODIUM CHLORIDE (UP TO 2%)
2. SODIUM SULPHATE (3.4 %)
3. POTASSIUM SULPHATE (2%)
 RETARDERS

RETARDER IS A CHEMICAL
THAT INCREASES THE SETTING
TIME

THEY INCLUDE
1. GUMS, GELATIN AND GLUE
2. CITRATE, BORATE AND
ACETATE SALTS
3. SODIUM CHLORIDE (ABOVE
2%)
4. BORAX (1-2%)
FACTORS CONTROLLED
BY THE OPERATOR

1. WATER TO POWDER RATIO

2. MIXING

3. WATER TEMPERATURE
4. HUMIDITY
5. COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS
 WATER TO
POWDER RATIO

INCREASED WATER INCREASED

TO POWDER RATIO SETTING TIME

DECREASED WATER DECREASED

TO POWDER RATIO SETTING TIME
 MIXING

LONGER AND MORE RAPIDLY THE

PLASTER IS MIXED, THE SHORTER
IS THE SETTING TIME

THIS IS BECAUSE THE CRYSTALS

ARE BROKEN RESULTING IN THE
FORMATION OF MORE NUCLEI OF
CRYSTALLIZATION
 WATER
TEMPERATURE

INCREASE IN
SETTING TIME
TEMPERATURE FROM
DECREASES
20 -370 C

SETTING TIME
WATER AT 500 C
INCREASES

WATER AT 1000 C NO REACTION

HUMIDITY

CONTAMINATION OF GYPSUM
PRODUCTS WITH MOISTURE
INCREASES THE SETTING TIME

INCREASED CONTAMINATION
BY MOISTURE PRODUCES
SUFFICIENT DIHYDRATE ON THE
HEMIHYDRATE POWDER TO
RETARD THE DISOLUTION OF
THE HEMIHYDRATE
 COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS

COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS SUCH AS SALIVA

AND BLOOD CAN RETARD THE SETTING
OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS

HENCE IT IS IMPORTANT TO WASH THE

IMPRESSION BEFORE POURING A
GYPSUM CAST
 PROPERTIES
SETTING EXPANSION

STRENGTH

HARDNESS AND ABRASION RESISTANCE

REPRODUCTION OF DETAIL

SOLUBILITY
SETTING EXPANSION
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION

HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION

OCCURS WHEN THE GYPSUM PRODUCT IS
IMMERSED UNDER WATER WHILE SETTING

IT IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE AND NOT

CAUSED BY CHEMICAL REACTION
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION

NORMAL SETTING HYGROSCOPIC

EXPANSION SETTING EXPANSION

INITIAL MIX

THE INITIAL MIX IS REPRESENTED BY THREE ROUND

PARTICLES OF HEMIHYDRATE SURROUNDED BY WATER
 HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION
NORMAL SETTING HYGROSCOPIC
EXPANSION SETTING EXPANSION

INITIAL CRYSTAL
GROWTH

 WATER AROUND THE  WATER OF HYDRATION IS

PARTICLES IS REDUCED REPLACED
BY THE HYDRATION  THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
 THE CRYSTALS ARE PARTICLES REMAIN THE
DRAWN CLOSER SAME
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION
NORMAL SETTING HYGROSCOPIC
EXPANSION SETTING EXPANSION

SOLID PHASE
CONTACT

 WATER AROUND THE  WATER OF HYDRATION

PARTICLES IS AGAIN IS REPLACED
DECREASED
 THE EXPANSION OF THE
 THE EXPANSION OF THE CRYSTALS IS NOT
GROWING CRYSTALS IS INHIBITED
INHIBITED
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION
NORMAL SETTING HYGROSCOPIC
EXPANSION SETTING EXPANSION

EXPANSION

LESSER EXPANSION GREATER EXPANSION

HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION
NORMAL SETTING HYGROSCOPIC
EXPANSION SETTING EXPANSION

TERMINATION

HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION IS GREATER

AND THE CRYSTALS ARE LARGER IN SIZE
 SETTING EXPANSION

 DIES THAT ARE SLIGHTLY OVERSIZED HELPS IN

FITTING CROWNS AND BRIDGES
 EXPANSION IS ALSO MADE USE IN INVESTMENTS
TO COMPENSATE FOR CASTING SHRINKAGE
STRENGTH
 GYPSUM IS A BRITTLE MATERIAL
AND HAS A HIGHER COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH THAN TENSILE
STRENGTH
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS
DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE
AMOUNT OF WATER USED FOR
MIXING
 GREATER THE WATER TO POWDER
RATIO, THE WEAKER IS THE SET
PRODUCT
 STRENGTH

 STRENGTH CAN BE WET STRENGTH OR

DRY STRENGTH
 WET STRENGTH IS ALSO KNOWN AS
GREEN STRENGTH AND IS THE
STRENGTH OF THE SPECIMEN WHEN
EXCESS WATER IS STILL PRESENT
 DRY STRENGTH IS THE STRENGTH OF
THE SPECIMEN WHEN EXCESS WATER
HAS DRIED
 DRY STRENGTH IS TWO OR MORE TIMES
MORE THAN THE WET STRENGTH
 STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE
GYPSUM STRENGTH
PRODUCT
AT 1 HOUR
TYPE I 290-870 Psi

TYPE II 1300 Psi

TYPE III 3000 Psi

TYPE IV 5000 Psi

TYPE V 7000 Psi

SURFACE HARDNESS AND
ABRASION RESISTANCE
 SURFACE HARDNESS OF
GYPSUM IS RELATED TO THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
THE MATERIAL

 THE HIGHER THE COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH THE HIGHER IS THE
SURFACE HARDNESS
REPRODUCTION OF DETAILS

GYPSUM PRODUCTS REPRODUCE

DETAILS ACCURATELY .

DEPENDS ON

 COMPATIBILTY WITH IMPRESSION

MATERIAL
 TRAPPED AIR BUBBLES
 SURFACE CONTAMINANTS LIKE
SALIVA
 SOLUBILITY

 SET PLASTER IS SOLUBLE IN

WATER
 SOLUBILITY INCREASES WITH
THE INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
OF THE WATER
 SOAKING OF THE CAST IS DONE
IN SLURY WATER WHICH IS
SATURATED WITH CALCIUM
SULPHATE
ARMAMENTARIUM
 RECENT ADVANCES
RESIN IMPREGMNATED GYPSUM
ARTICULATING STONE
ORTHODONTIC STONE
SYNTHETIC GYPSUM
 INFECTION CONTROL CONCERNS

 CONTAMINATION FROM HIV AND HEPATITIS B CAN

OCCUR FROM DENTAL IMPRESSIONS AND CASTS
 IMPRESSIONS HAVE TO BE DISINFECTED BEFORE THE
CAST IS POURED
 DENTAL STONE CONTAINING DISINFECTANT CAN ASLO
BE EMPLOYED
THANK YOU