OUTLINE

-another tool for organizing ideas.

-use not only as a pre-writing strategy
but also as a post-reading activity.
TYPES OF OUTLINE

DECIMAL
-only uses numbers as labels
 ALPHANUMERIC
-uses both letters and numbers as labels
 DECIMAL OUTLINE

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
3.
3.1
3.2
 ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE

I.
A.
B.
C.
II.
A.
1.
a.
b.
2.
B.
1.
2.
a.
b.
C.
FOUR PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED IN MAKING AN
EFFECTIVE OUTLINE

Coordination
Subordination
Division
Parallel construction
Coordination

-requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the

same way
Subordination
-shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective
major details
Division
-requires that no cluster should contain only on item.
Parallel construction
-requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and
format.
 PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT
 PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT
- logical arrangement of ideas
- helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better
-it helps you distinguish major details from minor ones and
predict ideas

N.B. In determining the pattern of development of ideas in a

text, note the signal words used
 1. DEFINITION
-Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain
concepts by answering the question “ What does it mean?”
-This pattern explains explain the information through the use of
illustrations, examples and descriptions.
-You may also use spider map to better understand a definition text
N.B. Pay attention to the term to be defined and the detailed
information of the term, as these are the most important parts of the
pattern.
 Signal words for DEFINITION

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

 TRY THIS! Direction: underline the signal word(s) that indicate
definition. then note down the important details in the text.

Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks

people to share personal information through the use of
technology. The ‘social’ component in these scheme
means that there is reliance on various psychological
tricks and on the gullibility of users rather that technical
hacking. Social engineering also refers to various
malicious acts online, such as phishing, spamming and
pretexting.
 2. EXEMPLIFICATION
 presents the general statement and then provides specific and
concrete examples to expound on the main idea
 simply this pattern is used to provide an example of
something
 you may also use spider map to better understand an
exemplification text
N.B. Pay attention to the main idea and the specific
examples, as these are the most important parts of this pattern.
 Signal Words for EXEMPLIFICATION
after all for instance namely that is

as an example in other words put another to be specific

way
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differently
 TRY THIS! Direction: underline the signal word(s) that indicate
exemplification. Then note down the most important details of the text.

While the internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its
downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of
obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit
card details, through online means. In other words , phishing is
a for of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of
Mr. X. he received an email stating that his Gmail account has
been compromised and that he needed to click a link to update
personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal
information will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals.
 3. DESCRIPTION (SENSORY & SPATIAL)
 A descripted pattern basically provides details on the idea by using
either a sensory or spatial pattern.
 SENSORY PATTERN – ideas are arranged based on one or all of
the five senses
 SPATIAL PATTERN – arranged ideas by location or physical space
 A concept map can be used to understand descriptive text
N.B. Types of description used (i.e., evocative or informational; spatial
or sensory), clustering of details or the progression of description.
 Signal Words for SPATIAL PATTERN OR VISUAL
DESCRIPTION
above around between in front of onto

across away from beyond inside opposite to

adjacent to back of by into outside

against behind down near over
along below farther off throughout
alongside beneath here on to the right
amidst beside in on top of under
 TRY THIS! Direction: Underline the signal word(s) that indicate
description. Then write down the most important details of the text.
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight
device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers,
keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of the laptop. The most
noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying
information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to
enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular
surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse- this is the touchpad. At the
bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a
mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the
speakers which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the
keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop
also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source
 4. CHRONOLOGY/ PROCEDURE
 Organizes ideas or events according to time. It can either be in the form of
narration or a process.
 NARRATION- sequences events in the order in which they occurred in
time, while;
 PROCESS – organizes details based on the stages or steps.
 To better understand this pattern a chain of events or cycle can be used.

Essential part of this pattern: main idea, major dates and events such as the
final outcome, major steps/stages and, of course, the order of presentation.
 Signal Words for CHRONOLOGY
about before in the prior to tomorrow
meantime
after during later second until
afterwards eventually meanwhile soon when
as soon as finally next then yesterday
at first next week till
at this/that presently today
point immediately
TRY THIS! DIRECTION: Underline the signal word(s) that indicate the
chronology or procedural pattern. Then write down the important details.

NARRATION:
Ondoy began to develop from an active low pressure area to a tropical
cyclone on September 24, 2009. the following day, PAGASA raised storm
signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2
was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday
morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile, President
Arroyo declared a state of calamity in metro Manila. Immediately after
President Arroyos declaration, various government agencies began to
rescue and relief operations. As soon as typhoon Ondoy exited in the
Philippines, more and more relief and rescue operations were conducted.
 TRY THIS! DIRECTION: Underline the signal word(s) that indicate the
chronology or procedural pattern. Then write down the important details.
PROCESS:
During flooding, one thing that may probably save your
life is an improvised flotation devised. You can make
one using your pants. First, knot off the leg holes of
your pants. Then, hold the open waist and swing the
pants around to fill the legs with air. Promptly, knot off
the waist to trap the air and hold the pants underwater
so that the air would not escape.
 5. LISTING
-organizes ideas using enumeration
-unlike chronological pattern, listing does not
require the items to be sequenced chronologically
because it does not have the element of time
-presents series of items (facts, examples, features,
reasons and tips) that support main idea.
 Signal words for LISTING
additionally and then further likewise

again another furthermore moreover

along with as well in addition next

also besides in the same together with

way
and equally
important
 TRY THIS! DIRECTION: Underline the signal word(s) that indicate the
listing pattern. Then, note down the important details.

Picking the right career is such a daunting task because it pits passion against reality. Would
you choose the profession you love or would you choose a more lucrative profession? Some
find a hard time choosing at first, so do not be surprised if you see people shift careers
several times before they achieve success. On this note, here are some tips to help you choose
the right career. Identify your interest. Are you fascinated with numbers, arts, sciences, human
behavior, computer technology, or teaching? Try to process as well as your reason for
choosing a particular career; you can also factor in the financial component during this
stage. Another thing that you can do is to focus on and learn everything about your chosen
career. If you want to be a doctor , know exactly what a doctor does and check whether you
can handle this type of profession. In addition, try to visualize yourself five or ten years from
now, and develop a plan to achieve the goal in your mind. Remember not to rely on luck when
it comes to your career, instead, make reasoned decisions based on what you want.
 6. COMPARISON CONTRAST

 Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another.
 2 ways to arrange ideas
SEPARATELY – which involves describing one item first followed by the
second item
SIDE-BY-SIDE- which means discussing both items based on each point of
comparison.
 Signal Words for COMPARING
also equally in the same way similarly
as in a similar fashion like to compare
both in comparison likewise

Signal Words for CONTRASTING

although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed to even though nevertheless the fact remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the contrary whereas
counter to in the meantime on the other hand yet
 TRY THIS! DIRECTION: Underline the signal word(s) that indicate a
comparison-contrast pattern. Then, note down the important details.
Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will
inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant
companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. both brag to be the
best smart phones in the market to date. While these state-of the-art phones have
similarities in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch touch screen, and
multimedia features, they have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5
has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for
the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS (8.x) while S5 uses Android (5.0,4.4.2).
In terms of the camera. S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera which is
higher than iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iphone’s battery is not user
replaceable and has s shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage,
iphone 6 outperforms S5. Now, that you know rhe basic differences of the two
 7. CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

-organizes ideas into categories or division based on criteria and

standards.
 can be used in classifying people, objects, events, things, places,
and other items
 Network tree is applicable for this type of pattern
N.B. superordinate and subordinate, and the relationship between
them.
 Signal Words for CLASSIFICATION &
DIVISION
another classified as one kind the last group

another kind final type the first the next part

category
 TRY THIS! DIRECTION: Underline the signal word(s) that indicate a classification
and division. Then, note down the important details afterwards.

Earthquake can be classified into three main types based on the plate
movements. The first type is known as a convergent boundary. Also
known as destructive plate boundary, this type of earthquake happens
when two tectonic plates move toward on another and collide. The
second type of earthquake is called the divergent boundary. During
this type of earthquake , two plates are forced to move away from
each other resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called the
conservative plate boundary or transform fault. During this type of
earthquake, two tectonic plates slide past one another.
 8. CAUSE AND EFFECT
 Organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or
consequences of a certain phenomenon
 this pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes
only, or the effects only.
 Fishbone map is applicable for this type of pattern
 N.B. focus on and take note of the following elements; the
purpose of the text, the relationship between causes and effects,
and the potential causal fallacies or illogical arguments.
 Signal Word for CAUSES
as for in view of owing to
( the fact) ( the fact)
because for the reason in as much as seeing that
(of the fact) that
being that In that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for EFFECT
accordingly consequently in a so that
consequence
as a for this reason so therefore
consequence
as a result hence so much (so) thus
(of this) that
because
(of this)
8. PROBLEM SOLUTION

 organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions

 the problem section usually includes the what, who,
when ,where, why and how, of the problem.
 the other part then represents the major effects of the
problem and the possible solutions to address it as well
as the step in implementing the solution
Signal Words for Classification and Division

another classified as one category the last group

another kind final type the first the next part

category
 Signal Words for EFFECTS
accordingly consequently in consequence so that

as a for this reason so therefore

consequence
as a result hence so much (so) thus
(of this) that
because (of
this)
 9. PROBLEM - SOLUTION

-organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.

-problem section – usually includes the what, who, when,
where, why, and how of the problem
-other part then presents the major effects of the problem and
the possible solutions to address it
-as well as the steps in implementing the solution.
 Signal Words for Problem-Solution

but nonetheless one solution the problem

is

first, second one reason one way is the solution

for the
 10. PERSUASION

 Organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to

a logical conclusion or argument
 It presents the issue, the position, and the supporting
evidence that supports the position.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point

again in that case to emphasize truly

for this reason indeed to repeat with this in

mind

in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably

all in all due to in conclusion therefore

as a result finally in short thus

as I have said in any event in summary to sum up

 Signal Words for Conceding a Point

admittedly it is true that obviously true

assuredly needless to say of course undoubtedly

certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably

granted