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Fundamental 2: Lec#01 Babakhan Akbary
Fundamental 2: Lec#01 Babakhan Akbary
Lec#01
Babakhan Akbary
Session Objective
.Ϊϧ
ϩΪηϢ
ϴδϘ
ΗωϮϧϭΩ
ϪΑήΗ
Ϯϴ̢ Ϥ̯ ̵ Ύ
ϫήϳϭΖ ϓ
Ύγ
Software
Application software
System software
ϝϣΎϋϡΗ
γϳγ̵ Ύ
ϫέϳϭΕϓ Ύγ
έϳϭΕϓ Ύ
γ ϥϭϣέ̳ ϭέ̡ ϥΎ
Αί Ϫϣ
ΟέΗ
Ω
ϥϧΎϣOperating system
̶ Η
ΎϣΩ
Χ Program Language
ϭ (Linux( ί ϭΩ
ϧϳϭ ˬ α Ω
Service
software έ̴ ϳΩ
̵Ω
ϳϟϭΗ̵Ύ
ϫέϳϭΕϓ
Ύγ Ύ
Ϭϳί Ύ
ΑΎ
ϫέϳϭΕϓ
Ύγ ̶Η
έΎΟ̵Ύ
Η ϫέϳϭΕϓ
Ύγ ϪϳΑ
έΗϭϡϳϠ
όΗ̵ Ύ
ϫέϳϭΕϓ
Ύγ
software
ϥΗ
ϣϩΩ
ϧϧ̯α ϳγϭέ̡ ̵ Ύ
ϫέϳϭΕϓ
Ύγ ̶Η
ΎΑγΎ
Σϣ̵ Ύ
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Ύγ
• The operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its use among
the various application programs for the various users.
System View
• The operating system is the program most involved with the hardware. An
operating system is a resource allocator. resource such as CPU time,
memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on in which OS acts
as the manager of these resources to decide how to allocate them.
Con..
Computer-System Operations
• computer system consists of one or more CPUs and a number of device
controllers connected through a common bus that provides access to shared
memory.
• when PC powered up or rebooted this initial program or bootstrap program
run it is stored within the computer hardware in read-only memory (ROM).
• bootstrap program must locate the operating-system kernel and load it into
memory.
• Once the kernel is loaded and executing, it can start providing services to the
system and its users.
Con..
• The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an interrupt from either
the hardware or the software. Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any
time by sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of the system bus.
Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special operation called a
system call (also called a monitor call).
Storage Structure
• The CPU can load instructions only from memory, so any programs to run
must be stored in RAM.
• All forms of memory provide an array of bytes each the CPU
automatically loads instructions from main memory for execution byte has
its own address.
• A typical instruction–execution cycle :
Fetched
Decoded
Execute
Store
Con..
Computer system use secondary memory due to:
Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data
permanently.
Main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when
power is turned off or otherwise lost.
• The controller starts the transfer of data from the device to its local buffer.
Once the transfer of data is complete, the device controller informs the
device driver via an interrupt that it has finished its operation. The device
driver then returns control to the operating system.
• For the bulk data movement direct memory access (DMA) is used after
setting buffer the device controller transfers an entire block of data directly
to or from its own buffer storage to memory, with no intervention by the
CPU. Only one interrupt is generated per block, to tell the device driver that
the operation has completed.
Exercise #1
Compare these two parts from right to left
1- direct memory access (DMA) is used 1- Fetched , Decoded , Execute , Store
2- operating systems have a device driver 2- an interrupt from either the hardware or the software
7- bootstrap program load 7- lost content in case of power off keep content case
of power off
10- executing of special operation called by software 10- acts as an intermediary between the computer user
called and the computer hardware.
Assignment #1
single-Processor Systems
multiprocessor Systems
clustered Systems
Thank You!