THE PERIODIC TABLE BY ZAFEER AARYAN REZA

CONTENT PAGE
Brief history of periodic table

Modern Periodic Table

Divisions of the Periodic Table

BRIEF HISTORY
•In 1829, Green Chemist Johann W. Döbereiner showed that the atomic mass of the element strontium
(Sr) lies midway between the atomic masses of calcium (Ca) and barium (Ba), forming what he called a
triad

•English chemist John Newlands observed that when elements are arranged in increasing atomic masses,
there appeared to be a repetition of similar properties for every eight element. Newlands referred to this
arrangement as the law of octaves.

•In 1864, German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer devised a classification of elements into a table that
accounted for the periodic variations in properties. His table included 56 elements.

•Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev observed that the elements were arranged in increasing atomic
masses with similar physic and chemical properties were periodically prepared. By arranging the
elements so that those with similar properties were in the same column, he constructed the periodic table.
Mendeleev noted that in order for the elements with similar properties to fall under the same column,
there had to be gaps in the middle. This led him to believe that the gaps represented new elements to be
discovered in the future. Further more, Mendeleev predicted he properties of these yet to be discovered
elements, as well as the properties of their compounds.
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

• The modern version of the periodic table is arranged in increasing atomic number order. Each square in the periodic table shows the symbol of
each element, its atomic number, atomic mass, and other additional information.

• As of 2002, the modern periodic table has 114 elements. By 1940, all the natural-occurring elements, which are about 90, had already been
discovered. More than 20 elements are artificially made or are naturally-occurring, but is short lived.

• The modern periodic law states that the chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Here,
periodic function refers to the repetition of the properties of elements a regular intervals
DEFINITION OF GROUPS AND
PERIODS
Group:
Group, in chemistry, a set of chemical elements in the same vertical column of the periodic
table. The elements in a group have similarities in the electronic configuration of their
atoms, and thus they exhibit somewhat related physical and chemical properties. 
Period:
A period is a horizontal row of the periodic table.  There are seven periods in the periodic
table, with each one beginning at the far left.  A new period begins when a new principal
energy level begins filling with electrons.  Period 1 has only two elements (hydrogen and
helium), while periods 2 and 3 have 8 elements.  Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements.  Periods
6 and 7 have 32 elements because the two bottom rows that are separated from the rest of
the table belong to those periods.  They are pulled out in order to make the table itself fit
more easily onto a single page.
DIVISIONS OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE
In the next section, we will discuss the properties and some reactions of the elements of
each group or classification of the periodic table.

The Alkali Metals

The Transition Metals

The Halogens

The Noble Gases

ALKALI METALS
THIS IS THE FIRST GROUP IN THE TABLE ON THE EXTREME LEFT. THEY ARE HIGHLY
REACTIVE AND AS A RESULT ARE NOT FOUND IN THEIR ELEMENTAL FORMS IN
NATURE AND MUST BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTIONS WITH THE AIR.
Physical Properties
They are good conductors of heat and electricity
They are usually very soft and can be cut with a knife
They have soft shiny surfaces often quite silvery
They have low densities
Their reactivity increases down the group due to higher atomic mass and low ionization energies
Chemical Properties
They are highly reactive
Exist as diatomic molecules
They form ionic compounds with non-metals
They have only one electron in their valence shell
They react with water(H2O) to form hydrogen gas and a metal oxide. Since metal oxides are called alkali,
this group is called Alkali metals.
REACTIONS OF ALKALI
METALS
Lithium + Water Hydrogen Gas + Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium does not react too aggressively with water. It floats around the
water and slowly releases hydrogen gas and produces lithium
hydroxide(LiOH).

Sodium+ Water Hydrogen Gas + Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium is more vigorous than lithium. The reaction produces heat which
melts the unreacted metal forming a ball of sodium along with hydrogen
and sodium hydroxide(NaOH).

Potassium + Water Hydrogen Gas + Potassium Hydroxide

Potassium is the most reactive of the three. It not only produces heat, but
produces a lilac colored flame and moves rapidly on the surface of the
water. It also produces hydrogen gas and potassium hydroxide(KOH).
 TRANSITION METALS
MOST OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE A PART OF THIS
SECTION. THIS GROUP COVERS ALL THE ELEMENTS BETWEEN GROUP 2 AND 3
IN THE TABLE.
Physical Properties
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Very malleable and ductile
They have high melting points except mercury
They are of high densities
They are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury which is a liquid

Chemical Properties
They form coloured ions
They are less reactive than alkali metals
Some are very unreactive, such as gold and silver
They are often used as catalysts.
 HALOGENS
THESE ELEMENTS FORM GROUP 17 IN THE TABLE

Physical Properties
They are coloured substances
Relatively low melting and boiling points which gradually increase down the group.
The elements show a gradual change of state down the group. (For example, Chlorine
and Fluorine are gases, Bromine is a liquid and Iodine is a solid)
Chemical Properties
Very reactive, but reactivity decreases down the group.
This is due to the fact that they are required to gain one electron in the valence shell to form a stable octet.
They form ionic compounds with metals and covalent compounds with other non-metals.
This group has the highest electronegativity in all of the table, with fluorine being the most electronegative.
HALOGEN REACTIONS.
Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride
Halogens react with Alkali Metals to produce ionic halides where the halogens
gain an electron and alkali metals lose an electron forming ionic bonds with
strong electrostatic forces of attraction.

Potassium Bromide + Chlorine Potassium Chloride +

Bromine
This is an example of a displacement reaction. These types of reactions
show the relative reactivity of the halogens as they are both competing for
one extra electron. In this case, we can see that chlorine is more reactive
than bromine, thus forming potassium chloride (KCl).
NOBLE GASES

This is the last group on the far right of the periodic table
They have no color
They are very unreactive and don’t form ions
They are monoatomic, which means they exist as single atoms
This is due to the fact that they have pre-existing full outer shells. This means
that these elements do not need to gain or lose electrons to gain stability
providing them with stable octets with the exception of helium(He).
THE END THANK YOU