EXCITATION SIGNAL

• Guided waves are dispersive in nature. Hence the

wave speed varies with frequency.

• Once traveling a long distance, the packet of waves

will contain various frequencies, therefore will
spread out and distort.

• Thus, in order to obtain the useful information for

the wave propagation phenomena, the input signal
should have a limited bandwidth, which can reduce Fig: Dispersive propogation of the wave
the problem of dispersion.
• When a pure tone burst is applied it resultants in
the formation of main lobe and multiple side lobes.
• The side lobes are not desired as they would
increase the problem of dispersion.
• The side lobes present in the signal can be reduced
by using windowing functions.
• Windowing functions are used in signal processing
to remove unwanted frequencies from a signal.

Fig.: 2.5 cycle 100kHz pure tone burst

 WINDOWING FUNCTIONS
• Let the carrier signal be defined by g(t) and
the windowing function be defined by h(t).
• Then the resultant excitation signal will be the
combination of carrier signal and window.
• F(t)=g(t)*h(t)
• Some of the commonly used windowing
functions are:
1. Hanning window
2. Gaussian window
3. Hamming window
Fig.: Effect of windowing on a 5 cycle 100 kHz pure tone burst
Fig.: Before applying windowing function Fig.: After applying windowing function
Fig.: Frequency Spectrum of different windowing functions
 MATLAB CODE

fs=100000; %Frequency of signal l=[l zeros(1,140000)];

Nc=2.5; %Number of cycles in signal
X1=fft(l);
w=2*pi*fs;
subplot(2,1,1)
T=1/fs;
plot(l) %Time domain signal is
Tc=Nc*T;
plotted
t=0:Tc/10000:Tc; %Time increment
ylabel('Amplitude');
g=sin(t.*w); %Original signal
%h=0.5*(1-cos(t.*w/Nc)); %Hanning window xlabel('Time');
%h=exp(-1/2*(2*(2*t-Tc)/Tc).^2); subplot(2,1,2)
%Gaussian Window plot([0:length(X1)-1],abs(X1))
h=0.54-0.46*(cos(t.*w/Nc)); %Hamming %Frequency domain signal is plotted
Window
ylabel('Magnitude');
l=h.*g; %Resultant signal after applying
window function xlabel('Frequency');