Guided waves are dispersive, meaning their wave speed varies with frequency. When a signal with multiple frequencies propagates long distances, the different frequencies will spread out over time, distorting the signal. To reduce dispersion, the input signal should have a limited bandwidth. A pure tone burst results in a main lobe and unwanted side lobes. Windowing functions can be applied to a carrier signal to reduce side lobes, limiting the signal's bandwidth and therefore dispersion. Common windowing functions include Hanning, Gaussian, and Hamming windows.
Guided waves are dispersive, meaning their wave speed varies with frequency. When a signal with multiple frequencies propagates long distances, the different frequencies will spread out over time, distorting the signal. To reduce dispersion, the input signal should have a limited bandwidth. A pure tone burst results in a main lobe and unwanted side lobes. Windowing functions can be applied to a carrier signal to reduce side lobes, limiting the signal's bandwidth and therefore dispersion. Common windowing functions include Hanning, Gaussian, and Hamming windows.
Guided waves are dispersive, meaning their wave speed varies with frequency. When a signal with multiple frequencies propagates long distances, the different frequencies will spread out over time, distorting the signal. To reduce dispersion, the input signal should have a limited bandwidth. A pure tone burst results in a main lobe and unwanted side lobes. Windowing functions can be applied to a carrier signal to reduce side lobes, limiting the signal's bandwidth and therefore dispersion. Common windowing functions include Hanning, Gaussian, and Hamming windows.
• Guided waves are dispersive in nature. Hence the
wave speed varies with frequency.
• Once traveling a long distance, the packet of waves
will contain various frequencies, therefore will spread out and distort.
• Thus, in order to obtain the useful information for
the wave propagation phenomena, the input signal should have a limited bandwidth, which can reduce Fig: Dispersive propogation of the wave the problem of dispersion. • When a pure tone burst is applied it resultants in the formation of main lobe and multiple side lobes. • The side lobes are not desired as they would increase the problem of dispersion. • The side lobes present in the signal can be reduced by using windowing functions. • Windowing functions are used in signal processing to remove unwanted frequencies from a signal.
Fig.: 2.5 cycle 100kHz pure tone burst
WINDOWING FUNCTIONS • Let the carrier signal be defined by g(t) and the windowing function be defined by h(t). • Then the resultant excitation signal will be the combination of carrier signal and window. • F(t)=g(t)*h(t) • Some of the commonly used windowing functions are: 1. Hanning window 2. Gaussian window 3. Hamming window Fig.: Effect of windowing on a 5 cycle 100 kHz pure tone burst Fig.: Before applying windowing function Fig.: After applying windowing function Fig.: Frequency Spectrum of different windowing functions MATLAB CODE
fs=100000; %Frequency of signal l=[l zeros(1,140000)];
Nc=2.5; %Number of cycles in signal X1=fft(l); w=2*pi*fs; subplot(2,1,1) T=1/fs; plot(l) %Time domain signal is Tc=Nc*T; plotted t=0:Tc/10000:Tc; %Time increment ylabel('Amplitude'); g=sin(t.*w); %Original signal %h=0.5*(1-cos(t.*w/Nc)); %Hanning window xlabel('Time'); %h=exp(-1/2*(2*(2*t-Tc)/Tc).^2); subplot(2,1,2) %Gaussian Window plot([0:length(X1)-1],abs(X1)) h=0.54-0.46*(cos(t.*w/Nc)); %Hamming %Frequency domain signal is plotted Window ylabel('Magnitude'); l=h.*g; %Resultant signal after applying window function xlabel('Frequency');