Chapter 15 Leadership

• LO 1 Define leadership and its

ingredients

• LO 2 Describe the trait approaches and

charismatic leadership approach and
Learning their limitations

Objectives • LO 3 Discuss various leadership styles

based on the use of authority

• LO 4 Identify the two dimensions of

the managerial grid and the resulting
extreme leadership styles
• LO 5 Recognize that leadership can be
seen as a continuum

• LO 6 Explain the contingency approach

to leadership

• LO 7 Describe the path–goal approach

to leadership effectiveness

• LO 8 Distinguish between transactional

and transformational leaders
 Defining Leadership
• Leadership
– Art or process of influencing people so that they
will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the
achievement of group goals.
 Ingredients of Leadership
• Ingredients of leadership
– Power; a fundamental understanding of people;
the ability to inspire followers to apply their full
capabilities; the leader’s style; and the
development of a conducive organizational
climate.
 Trait Approaches to Leadership
• Many studies of traits have been made.
• Ralph M. Stogdill found that various researchers had
identified specific traits related to leadership ability:
– 5 physical traits (such as energy, appearance, and height),
– 4 intelligence and ability traits,
– 16 personality traits (such as adaptability, aggressiveness,
enthusiasm, and self-confidence),
– 6 task-related characteristics (such as achievement drive,
persistence, and initiative), and
– 9 social characteristics (such as cooperativeness, interpersonal
skills, and administrative ability).
Charismatic Leadership Approach
• Robert J. House and other authors indicate
that charismatic leaders may have certain
characteristics, such as
– being self-confident, having strong convictions,
articulating a vision, being able to initiate change,
communicating high expectations, having a need
to influence followers and supporting them,
demonstrating enthusiasm and excitement, and
being in touch with reality.
 Leadership Behavior and Styles
• Autocratic leader commands and expects compliance,
is dogmatic and positive, and leads by the ability to
withhold or give rewards and punishment.

• Democratic, or participative, leader consults with

subordinates and encourages their participation.

• Free-rein leader uses power very little, if at all, giving

subordinates a high degree of independence.
The Managerial Grid
• Leadership continuum concept
– Leadership involves a variety of styles, ranging
from one that is highly boss-centered to one that
is highly subordinate-centered.
Situational, or Contingency , Approaches to
Leadership
• Contingency theory of leadership
– People become leaders not only because of their
personality attributes but also because of various
situational factors and the interactions between
leaders and group members.
• The Path–Goal Approach to Leadership
Effectiveness
– Path–goal theory The main function of the leader
is to clarify and set goals with subordinates, help
them find the best path for achieving the goals,
and remove obstacles.
 Transactional and Transformational
Leadership
• Transactional leaders identify what needs to
be done to achieve goals, including clarifying
roles and tasks, rewarding performance, and
providing for the social needs of followers.