Number systems

• Denary
• Binary
• Hexadecimal
• Conversion from binary to denary
• Conversion from denary to binary
• Conversion from hexadecimal to binary
• Conversion from binary to hexadecimal
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 Internal coding of numbers
• Unsigned integers
• Sign and magnitude representation of a
signed integer
• Two’s complement representation of a signed
integer
• Conversion of a negative binary number in
two’s complement form to a denary value
• Binary integer arithmetic
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 Binary coded decimal (BCD)
• Nibbles and bytes
• Packed and unpacked BCD
• BCD uses
• BCD arithmetic
• Problems with real vales in binary
• BCD to represent currency values

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 Character codes
• Graphic and control characters
• ASCII code
• Conversion to and from lower and upper case
• Unicode scheme
• Unicode code point identification

• © Cambridge University Press 2016

 Vector graphics
• Used for images consisting of geometric
objects
• A vector graphic file contains a drawing list
• This list contains a command for each object
• A command has a list of attributes
• Dimensions are defined relatively
• Image can be scaled without loss of quality

• © Cambridge University Press 2016

 Bitmaps
• General purpose
• Contain pixels as the smallest component
• Pixel has a defined colour and position
• A bitmap image has a defined resolution
• Can be scaled but quality is affected
• A bitmap file has a header containing meta
data which defines the colour depth and the
resolution
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 Sound
• Sound arises from pressure changes
• Sound is an irregular analogue waveform
• Has to be sampled to be stored
• Sampling has a defined sampling resolution
and a defined sampling rate
• A sound encoder contains a band-limiting
filter and an Analogue to Digital Converter

• © Cambridge University Press 2016

 Video
• A video contains audio and graphical data that
have to be synchronised when in use
• Video display of an individual frame is created
line by line
• Interlaced encoding displays alternate lines for
half of the frame then those for the other half
• This has the effect of a high refresh rate
• Progressive encoding displays the whole frame
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 Compression
• Any binary data can be compressed
• Original data is recoverable intact if
compression is lossless but not if lossy
• Text data compression must be lossless
• Run-length encoding and Huffman coding are
examples of lossless compression
• Video compression can be based on recording
differences between successive frames
• © Cambridge University Press 2016