Research Proposal

Name: Waqar Rafiq

Registration:2018-MS-MED-23
 Problem statement
• Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for
power plants, automobiles etc. in today's world.
Combustion in engines produces harmful gases such
as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbons etc.Some of the ill-
effects of these pollutants are global warming, acid
rain and various health issues.

• There is fear that the oil of the world will run out
after few years.
 Objectives
• To take a review of important features and techniques used
for producing HHO gas.
• To study Various aspects of the thermodynamics and
chemical kinetics of electrolysis reactions for the production
of HHO gas.
• To Discuss Design and operating parameters for improving
the gas production rate.
• To study Widely different hypotheses regarding the structure
and composition of HHO
• To study the method of using HHO gas in Internal
Combustion (IC) engines.
 Literature survey
The mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas in nearly stoichiometric
proportions produced in the electrolyser is known by various names
such as HHO, hydro oxy gas, oxy-hydrogen and Brown's gas. The
earliest use of this gas was reported by Brown [1]. Different
researcher try to use different Electrolyser arrangment for the
production of HHO gas. Musmar and Al-Rousan [2] used a box
containing distilled water in with electrodes made of 316L stainless
steel.They have noted that stainless steel of 302 or 304 grades
couldalso be used for the cathode. King [3] has reviewed various
techniques for producing what he termed ‘water gas’. He has
observed that vibrating the water in an electrolytic cell improves the
quality of the gas generated. Vibrations can be produced mechanically
using paddles [4]
 Literature survey
or using toroidal coils or pumps with pulsating power
supply [5]. While the optimum frequency is system
specific,several researchers have recommended the use of a
40 kHz input [6].BenSlama [7] investigated electrolysis of
nine liquids at 21 C and with a 6 V input and showed that
milk of water,margines etc. possess higher efficiencies of
electrolysis (16% and 14% respectively) compared to
distilled water or water with additives. Connell and
Thompson [8] used concentrator solar cells to heat water
and to generate DC electricity. The heated water is passed to
solid oxide electrolyser cell which operates at 1100 C. The
components used in the test are
• i) A concave concentrator dish, ii) photovoltaic panel
placed near the focal point of the concentrator, iii) spectral
spiller which reflects IR radiation while allowing visible
light to reach the PV panel iv) a light pipe to transferthe
heat energy of IR radiation and v) a Solid Oxide
Electrolyser. Masjuki et al. [9] used stainless steel
electrodes placed inside a Plexiglas container of 4 mm
thickness with capacity of 3 L and KOH solution as
electrolyte. The current flow was observed to increase
upon reducing the inter-electrode gap, number of
electrodes, and the electrolyte concentration
 References
• [1] Brown Y. Welding, United States patent. 1977. 4,014,777.
• [2] Musmar SA, Al-Rousan AA. Effect of HHO gas on combustion emissions in
gasoline engines. Fuel 2011;90:3066e70
• [3] King MB. Water electrolyzers and the zero-point energy. Phys Procedia
2011;20:435e45.
• [4] Omasa R. Hydrogen-oxygen gas generator and hydrogenoxygen gas
generating method using the generator, United States patent. 2005.
US2005/0011765A1.
• [5] Chambers stephen B. Apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and/or
parahydrogen, United States patent. 2000. 6,126,794.
• [6] Kelly PJ. A practical guide to “Free-Energy” devices. 2017.32.1.
• [7] Ben Slama R. Production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water effects of
the electrolyte type on the electrolysis performances. Sci Res 2013;2:54e8.
• [8] McConnell R, Thompson J. Generating hydrogen through water
electrolysis using concentrator photovoltaics. DOE Sol.Energy Technol
Natl.
Renew. Energy Lab; 2005.
• [9] Durairaj RB, Shanker J, Sivasankar M. HHO gas with bio diesel as a dual
fuel with air preheating technology. Procedia Eng 2012;38:1112e9.