WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED?

Using modals of speculation to speculate about the past

 WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED?

He might have failed an He could have had a fight

exam with his girlfriend

Subject + modal + have + ‘Could’ and ‘may’ mean

past participle the same as ‘might’ here
 WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED?

Maybe he has failed an Something bad must have

exam happened to him

‘Maybe’ means the same

as ‘could / might / may ‘Must have’ is for when
have’ but is less you are (almost) certain
impressive in exams
TIME TO PRACTICE

What could have happened here?