How Cells Release

Chemical Energy
Chapter 7
 Making ATP
• Plants make ATP during photosynthesis
• Cells of all organisms make ATP by breaking
down carbohydrates, fats, and protein
 Main Types of
Energy-Releasing Pathways

Anaerobic pathways Aerobic pathways

• Evolved first • Evolved later

• Don’t require oxygen • Require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in • Start with glycolysis in
cytoplasm
cytoplasm
• Completed in cytoplasm
• Completed in
mitochondria
Energy-Releasing Pathways
Overview of Aerobic Respiration

C6H1206 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20

glucose oxygen carbon water
dioxide
 Main Pathways Start
with Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm
• Reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

Glucose 2 Pyruvate
(six carbons) (three carbons)
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
 Glucose

• A simple sugar
(C6H12O6)

• Atoms held
together by
covalent bonds
Energy-Requiring Steps
Energy-Releasing Steps
 Net Energy Yield
from Glycolysis
Energy requiring steps:
a.

Energy releasing steps:

b.
c.
 Second-Stage Reactions
• Occur in the
mitochondria
• Pyruvate is broken
down to carbon
dioxide
• More ATP is formed
 Second Stage of
Aerobic Respiration
 Two Parts of Second Stage

• Preparatory reactions
– Reactants
– Products
• Krebs cycle
– Reactants
– Products
Electron Transfer
Phosphorylation
• Electron transfer chains
are embedded in inner
mitochondrial
compartment
• NADH and FADH2 give up electrons that they picked up
in earlier stages to electron transfer chain
• Electrons are transferred through the chain
• The final electron acceptor is oxygen
Summary of Transfers
 Importance of Oxygen
• Electron transfer phosphorylation requires the
presence of oxygen

• Oxygen withdraws spent electrons from the

electron transfer chain, then combines with H+
to form water
 Summary of Energy Harvest
(per molecule of glucose)
• Glycolysis
– 2 ATP formed
• Krebs cycle and preparatory reactions
– 2 ATP formed
• Electron transfer phosphorylation
– 32 ATP formed
 Efficiency of
Aerobic Respiration
• 686 kcal of energy are released from each glucose
• 7.5 kcal are conserved in each ATP
• What is the energy efficiency (%) of Aerobic
Respiration?
 Anaerobic Pathways

• Do not use oxygen

• Produce less ATP than aerobic pathways
• Two types of fermentation pathways
– Alcoholic fermentation
– Lactate fermentation
 Fermentation Pathways

• Begin with glycolysis

• Do not break glucose down completely to
carbon dioxide and water
• Yield only the 2 ATP from glycolysis
• Steps that follow glycolysis serve only to
regenerate NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation
 Lactate Fermentation

• Carried out by certain bacteria

• ATP yield is low
Lactate Fermentation
 Energy Reserves

• Glycogen makes up only about 1 percent of the

body’s energy reserves
• Proteins make up 21 percent of energy reserves
• Fat makes up the bulk of reserves (78 percent)
 Processes
Are Linked
Aerobic Respiration
Photosynthesis
• Reactants
• Reactants
– Sugar
– Carbon dioxide
– Oxygen
– Water
• Products
• Products
– Carbon dioxide
– Sugar
– Water
– Oxygen