CEMENTS

JL V. Adriano
CEMENTS

• Are materials that exhibit

characteristic properties of
setting and hardening when
mixed to a paste with water.
• Are a class of products that
can be very complex and of
somewhat variable
composition and constitution.
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS

• HYDRAULIC
• Cements that have the ability to set and
harden under water.
• NON- HYDRAULIC
• Cements that do not have the ability to harden
under water but requires air to harden.
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
HYDRAULIC LIMES

• Are made by burning siliceous or

argillaceous limestone whose
clinker after calcination in a
continuous kiln.
• Are not suited to subaqueous
construction because they
require free access of air during
hardening. Without air the full
strength of lime cannot
develop.
• Are used for browning plaster
coats.
POZZOLAN CEMENTS

• Is a siliceous and aluminous material.

• Are manufactured by direct grinding of the volcanic rocks
or by calcining and grinding clays, shales, and
diatomaceous earth.
• Mainly used for its mass not for its strength.
TWO TYPE OF POZZOLAN CEMENTS

• NATURAL POZZOLANS
• volcanic rocks
(pumicite, obsidian,
scoria etc.)
• ARTIFICIAL POZZOLANS
• fly ash, boiled slag and
by products from the
treatment of bauxite
ore.
SLAG CEMENTS

• Consists mostly of an intimate and uniform blend

of granulated blast- furnace slag and hydrated
lime. The mixture is often not calcined.
• When manufactured, they go through a variety of
operations, such as granulation, drying
preparation of the hydrated lime, proportioning
the mix, mixing and final grinding.
TWO TYPES OF SLAG CEMENT

• TYPE S
• used in combination with Portland cement in
making concrete and in combination with
hydrated slag cement
• TYPE SA
• is air- entrained slag cement has the same
general use as Type S.
 
NATURAL CEMENTS

• A hydraulic cement produced by calcining a naturally

occurring argillaceous limestone at a temperature below the
sintering point and then grinding to a fine powder.
• Are made by the calcination of a natural clay limestone,
which is made of clay material (13 to 15 percent), silica (10
to 20 percent), and a balance of alumina and iron oxide.
TWO TYPES OF NATURAL CEMENT

• TYPE N
• is a natural cement in combination with
Portland cement in general concrete
construction
• Type NA
• is air- entrained cement and has the same use
as TYPE N.
PORTLAND CEMENT

• The most common type of

cement in use as the basic
ingredient of concrete.
• Was proposed by Joseph
Aspdin in 1824.
• The first Portland cement
manufactured in the US
was produced by David
Saylor at Coplay,
Pennsylvania.
RAW MATERIALS IN PORTLAND CEMENT

Calcareous Argillocalcarous Argillaceous

(CaCO3>75%) (CaCO3 = 40 to 75%) (CaCO3 < 40%)

Limestone Clay Limestone Slate

Chalk Clay Chalk Shale

Shells Clay Marl Clay

MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT

• STEPS IN MANUFACTURING
• Quarrying
• Crushing
• Grinding
• Mixing
• Calcining
• Addition of retarder
• Packing
MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

For use when the special properties specified for any other type are not
TYPE I
required.
Air- entraining cement of the same uses as TYPE I, when air entrainment is
TYPE IA
desired.
For general use, more especially when moderate sulfate resistance or moderate
TYPE II
heat of hydration is desired.
Air- entraining cement of the same uses as TYPE II, where air entrainment is
TYPE IIA
desired.
TYPE III For use when high early strength is desired.
Air- entraining cement for the same use as TYPE III, where air entrainment is
TYPE IIIA
desired.
TYPE IV For use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
TYPE V For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
 RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF EACH TYPE

Compressive Strength (% of Normal Portland Cement)

Types of Portland
1 Day 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days 3 Months
Cement
I. Normal 100 100 100 100 100
II. Modified 75 80 85 90 100
III. High early
190 190 120 110 100
strength
IV. Low heat 55 55 55 75 100
V. Sulfate resisting 65 65 75 85 100
STANDARD CHEMICAL
REQUIREMENTS
 I and IA II and IIA III and IIIA IV V

Silicon dioxide (SiO2), min. (%) - 20 - - -

Aluminum oxide (AI2O3), max. (%) - 6 - - -
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3), max. (%) - 6 - 6.5 -
Magnesium oxide (MgO), max. (%) 6 6 6 6 6
Sulfur trioxide (SO3), max. (%) - - - - -
When (3CaO-AI2O3) is 8 percent or less 3 3 3.5 2.3 2.3
When (3CaO-AI2O3) is more than 8 percent 3.5 - 4.5 - -
Loss on ignition, max. (%) 3.0 3 3 2.5 3
Insoluble residue, max. (%) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Tricalcium silicate (3CaO-SiO2), max. (%) - - - 35 -
Dicalcium silicate (2CaO-SiO2), max. (%) - - - 40 -
Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO-AI2O3), max. (%) - 8 15 7 5
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite plus twice the
- - - - 20
tricalcium aluminate
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

• FINENESS
• affects the rate of hydration. the greater the fineness the greater the
strength development. Measured with a Wagner turbid meter or the
blain air- permeability apparatus.
• SOUNDNESS
• a measure of potential expansion of several constituent parts. The
harder the better. Lack of soundness is due to excessive amounts of
free lime or magnesia.
• TIME OF SETTING
• measured by the Gilmore & Vicar apparatus, used to determine the rate
at which the Portland cement hardens.
 PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• determined by mixing the cement specimen with a uniform silica
sand and water is prescribed proportions and molding the
mixture into 2in. x 2in. x 2in. cubes. The cubes are tested in
compression to give an indication of strength.
• HEAT OF HYDRATION
• depends generally on the chemical composition of the cement and
the curing time.
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

• LOSS OF IGNITION
• determined by heating a cement sample of
known weight to a full red heat of 1652
degrees F until a constant weight is obtained.
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• the SG of Portland cement is generally about
3.15.
PORTLAND- POZZOLAN CEMENTS

• Are hydraulic cements

consisting of an intimate and
uniform blend of Portland
cement or Portland blast-
furnace-slag cement and fine
pozzolan.
• Require more water for a given
consistency but exhibits
greater shrinkage upon drying.
PORTLAND- POZZOLAN CEMENTS

• They exhibit less strength prior

to 28 days of curing, but after
achieves greater strength
compared to normal Portland
cement concrete.
• Used for mass concrete where
mass is more important than
strength.
• It exhibits excellent sulfate
resistance and hence is good
for seawalls and in dam
construction.
TYPES OF PORTLAND- POZZOLAN CEMENT

• TYPE IP
• used in general concrete
construction. Same with the
optional TYPE IP- A which is air-
entrained. Moderate sulfate
resistance and heat of
hydration.
• TYPE P
• used in concrete construction
where high strengths at early
stages are not required.
Moderate sulfate resistance and
low heat of hydration.
PORTLAND BLAST- FURNACE-SLAG CEMENT

• Is a hydraulic cement consisting of an intimate and

uniform blend of Portland cement and fine, granulated
blast-furnace slag.
• TYPE IS is for use in general construction. Optional TYPE
IS-A which is air-entrained also used.
• Moderate sulfate resistance, moderate heat of hydration
or both may be specified.
ALUMINA CEMENTS

• Has high alumina content because it consists primarily of calcium

aluminates.
• Also referred to as “high- alumina cement”
• High early strength, usually hardens to full strength at 48 hours compared
to Portland.
• Excellent refractoriness, and good resistance against chemical attacks.
• Limited because of elevated temperatures can produce permanent strength
reductions when moisture is present.
• Alumina cements are used where high early strength is required and
moderate temperatures are to be maintained.
RAW MATERIALS USED IN ALUMINA

• LIMESTONE
• A hard sedimentary rock
composed of calcium carbonate
or dolomite
• BAUXITE
• is a sedimentary rock with a
relatively high aluminum
content.
EXPANSIVE CEMENT

• Cement when in the process of hardening undergoes expansion or increases

in volume and eventually develops satisfactory strength.
• Used in a situation where shrinkage of the concrete cannot be tolerated.
• Can achieve high strength because of the high-alumina or Portland cement
components.
• THREE TYPES OF EXPANSIVE PORTLAND CEMENT
• TYPE M(SOVIET)
• TYPE K(KLEIN)
• TYPE S (PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION)
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT

• Used for decorative
displays.
• Makes an excellent base
when colored aggregates
are used.
• Low in iron and manganese
which gives it a while look.
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• COLORED CEMENTS
• Are made by intergrinding a
chemically inert pigment
such as metallic oxide in the
amount of 3 to 10 percent to
Portland cement.
• Used for decorative
purposes.
• Has the tendency to fade
over the years.
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• OIL- WELL CEMENTS

• Slow- setting cements that
are used to seal deep wells.
• Made slurry and pumped to
depths within the well
under high temperature
and pressure before it is
allowed to set.
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• REGULATED CEMENTS
• Rapid- setting and hardening cements.
• Used in manufacturing of blocks, pipes, restressed and
precast concrete and for patch work.
• Has strength comparable to TYPE I, II, III Portland
cement.
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• WATERPROOFED CEMEMTS
• A Portland cement
intergrounded with a
water- repellent material,
such as calcium stearate.
• Used to reduce the water
permeability of the
concrete.
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• HYDROPHOBIC CEMENTS
• Similar to waterproofed
cements, but the purpose is
to prolong the life of the
cement during storage.
SPECIAL PORTLAND CEMENT

• ANTIBACTERIAL CEMENTS
• Portland cement with an antibacterial agent with the intention
of reducing harmful microorganisms.
• Used in food-processing plants to minimize deterioration caused
by fermentation.
• BARIUM AND STRONIUM CEMENTS
• Portland cements in which the calcium oxide is replaced
completely or in part by barium oxide or strontium oxide.
• The purpose is to act as a concrete shield in which the barium
and strontium absorbs x-rays and gamma rays.
NONHYDRAULIC CEMENT
NONHYDRAULIC CEMENTS

• LIME
• One of the oldest known
cementing materials, which is
readily available and rather
inexpensive.
• Produced by burning limestone.
• When lime is burned in a kiln at
a temperature of 1800 degrees F
and the calcium carbonate is
decomposed the calcium oxide
formed is called quicklime.
NONHYDRAULIC CEMENTS

• Lime’s hardening process is slow and

may take several years to develop its
full strength. It also needs the free
circulation of air to provide carbon
dioxide to the innermost portion of the
mortar for hardening to take effect.
• HYDRATED LIME
• is produced by adding just enough
water to quicklime.
• LIME PUTTY
• Is formed when an overextended
amount of water is added to the
quicklime.