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Introduction To Foundation2018
Introduction To Foundation2018
CE74 -LESSON 1
The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Builders
Whoever comes to Me, and hears My sayings and does them, I
47
• Serviceability requirements
• Constructibility requirements
• Economic requirements
DESIGN LOADS
There are four different types of design loads:
Lateral movement
Vibration
Durability
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Settlement Sometimes foundations move upward
instead of downward. It may be due to
applied upward loads, but more often
Heave it is the result of ex- ternal forces,
especially those from expansive soils.
Tilt The design criteria for heave are the
same as those for settlement.
Lateral movement However, if some foundations are
heaving while others are settling, then
the differential is the sum of the two.
Vibration
Durability
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Settlement Settlement
Heave
Tilt
Lateral movement
Vibration
Durability
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Settlement Excessive tilt is often a concern in tall, rigid
structures, such as chimneys, silos, and water
towers.
Heave To preserve aesthetics, the tilt, <», from the
vertical should be no more than 1/500 (7 min of
Tilt arc). Greater tilts would be noticeable,
especially in taller structures and those that are
Lateral movement near other structures. In some cases, stricter
limits on tilt are appropriate, especially for
exceptionally tall structures.
Vibration For comparison, the Leaning Tower of Pisa has
a tilt of about 1/10.
Durability
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Settlement Foundations subjected to lateral
loads have corresponding lateral
Heave movements. These movement also
have tolerable limits. For bridge
foundations, Bozozuk (1978)
Tilt recommended maximum lateral
movements of 25 mm (1 in).
Lateral movement
Vibration
Durability
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Settlement Foundations that support large
machinery are sometimes
Heave subjected to substantial vibratory
loads.
Durability
SEATWORK 2
The owner of a 100-story building purchased a plumb
bob with a very long string. He selected a day with no
wind, and then gently lowered the plumb bob from his
penthouse office window. When it reached the sidewalk, it
was 1 .0 m from the side of the building. Is this building
tilting excessively? Explain.
CONSTRUCTIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
A foundation must be designed such that a
contractor can build it without having to use
extraordinary methods or equipment.
There are many potential designs that might
be quite satisfactory from a design
perspective, but difficult or impossible to
build.
CONSTRUCTIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
The pile is lifted into the
vertical section, which is
called the leads, then driven
into the ground with the pile
hammer.
Thus, the pile driver must be
slightly taller than the pile to
be installed.
CONSTRUCTIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
As part of a seismic retrofit
project, a design engineer has
called for installing 450-mm
diameter. 9-m long pre-stressed
concrete pile foundations to be
installed beneath the basement of
an existing building.
This pile foundation design is
unbuildable because the required
pile-driving equipment would not
fit in the basement, and because
there is not enough room to set the
pile upright.
CONSTRUCTIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
This is why it is important for
design engineers to have at
least a rudimentary
understanding of construction.
ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS
An overly conservative design can be very
expensive to build, especially with large
structures where the foundation is a greater
portion of the total project cost.
This also is a type of “failure”: the failure to
produce an economical design.
ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS
We must strive to produce designs
that are both safe and cost-effective.
Achieving the optimum balance
between reliability (safety) and cost is
part of good engineering.
SUMMARY