UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

EDUCATION AND POPULATION

Dr. Andy G.
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“Two is enough”- HK

“Have three or more children if you can afford it” SG

“Babies are sold for hard currency”

“Abandoning unwanted children”- Romania

“Have few children and bring them up well”

“Stop at two regardless of gender” - Korea

“Sons are preferred, girls are neglected or mistreated” -India

Top 13 Most Populated Countries
Country Population (2019)
1. China 1,420,062,022
2. India 1,368,737,513
3. U.S 329,093,110
4. Indonesia 269,536,482
5. Brazil 212,392,717
6. Pakistan 204,596,442
7. Nigeria 200,962,417
8. Bangladesh 168,065,920
9. Russia 143,895,551
10. Mexico 132,328,035
11. Japan 126,854,745
12. Ethiopia 110,135,635
13. Philippines 108,106,310

www.worldometers.info
 *PROJECTIONS

-The less developed world will

account for more than 95% of future 1960 3 billion
population growth
-The world's population is still
growing by about 80 million people a
year. 2011 7 billion
*2030 8.5 billion
World population:
*2045 9 billion
The World’s GDP more than doubled
from 1980 to 2009.

1980 $29.8 trillion

 World GDP:
2009 $72.5 trillion
9 Smallest Countries in the World by Population

Vatican 451

Tuvalu 10,640

Nauro Wauro 11,347

Palau 21,097

San Marino 33,285

Monaco 37,623

Liechtenstein 37,815

Marshal Islands 53,066

Saint Kitts and Nevis 54,821

Year Low to medium High income
income countries countries

2007 250 Quadrillion 246 Quadrillion

BTUs BTUs
2030 415 Quadrillion 271 Quadrillion
BTUs BTUs

World Energy Consumption

1BTU=252 Cal
 Economic development in China and India
accounts for much of the recent rise and will
continue to drive it. Global economic growth,
and the improved standard of living it affects,
means that resources are being consumed at
record levels.
 Switch from fossil fuels to alternative energy - regardless of how big
the population gets.

China: Time for another Green Revolution

Carbon
Emission:
Japan: High-tech Caregivers (talking robots helping elders)

The 29 million elderly in Japan far outnumber the young, an

unprecedented situation that arises concerns about who or what will
support the old in the years ahead.
 Earning Potential of the World

For 7 billion people: $70 Trillion

Conversion: $ 70,000,000,000,000 x Php50/1$= Php 3.5 x 10¹⁵ = Php 3.5 Quadrillion

Average income each individual: $ 10,000

Conversion: $ 10, 000 x Php50/1$ = Php 500, 000 per year
• World’s Population Density:
120 people/mi² or 47 people/km²

• World Population eats

11.5 Million pounds (lb) of food in one minute

or 5.2163 Million kilograms (kg) of food in one

minute.

Conversion:1kg = 2.2046 lb
Human population growth continues but it is
unevenly distributed
 For most of history, the human population grew slowly, but
has been growing exponentially for the past 200 years.
Reasons for this increase in growth rate include:
 Humans have expanded into almost all of the planet’s climate
zones and habitats.
 The emergence of early and modern agriculture allowed us to
grow more food for each unit of land area farmed.
 Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation and
health care.
 The rate of population growth has slowed, but the world’s
population is still growing at a rate that added about 83
million people during 2011.
 Geographically, growth is unevenly distributed.
 About 1% of the 83 million new arrivals on the planet in 2011 were
added to the world’s more developed countries
 The other 99% were added to the world’s middle - and low-income,
less-developed countries. At least 95% of the 2.6 billion people
likely to be added to the world’s population between 2011 and 2050
will end up in the least-developed countries.
What factors influence the size of the
human population?
 Rate of Population Change in an area (in %) =

(BR – DR) + (IR – ER) or

(BR + IR) – (DR + ER)
where:
BR = birth rate for every 1000 people
DR = death rate for every 1000 people
IR = Immigration rate = enter country for every 1000 people
ER =Emigration rate = exit country for every 1000 people
 OVERPOPULATION

 Both death rates and birth rates have fallen, but death rates
have fallen faster than birth rates. There are about 3 births
for each death with 1.6 births for each death in more
developed countries (MDCs) and 3.3 births for each death
in less developed countries (LDCs). The world's
population continues to grow by 1 billion people every
dozen years.
 CAUSES OF RAPID POPULATION
GROWTH
During the Industrial Revolution, a period of history in Europe and
North America where there were great advances in science and
technology, the success in reducing death rates was attributable to
several factors:
1. Increases in food production and distribution
2. Improvement in public health (water and sanitation)
3. Medical technology (vaccines and antibiotics), along with gains in
education and standards of living within many developing nations.
CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

 Overpopulation and poverty have long been

associated with increased death, and disease. Lack
of adequate food, water, shelter, education,
technology and employment.
Women are having fewer babies but not few enough to stabilize
the world’s population

 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children

born to women in a population during their reproductive
years.
 Between 1955 and 2011, the average global lifetime number
of births of live babies per woman dropped from 5 to 2.5.
 A TFR of 2.1 will eventually halt the world’s population
growth.
 Philippine TRF is 2.92 births per woman (PSA 2016)
Several factors affect birth rates and fertility rates

 A particular country’s average birth rate and TFR can be affected

by:
 The importance of children as a part of the labor force.
 The cost of raising and educating children.
 The availability of, or lack of, private and public pension
systems.
 Urbanization.
Educational and employment opportunities available for
women
Average age at marriage
Availability of legal abortions
Availability of reliable birth control methods
Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms
Occupation
family income
 Several factors affect death rates

 People started living longer and fewer infants died due to increased food
supplies and distribution, better nutrition, medical advances, improved
sanitation, life expectancy, married women working, and safer water
supplies.
 Two useful indicators of the overall health of people in a country or region
are life expectancy and infant mortality rate
 Average global life expectancy increased from 48 years in 1955 to 69 years
in 2011. Between 1900 and 2011, average global life expectancy in the US
increased from 47 years to 78 years.
 Filipino Life expectancy at birth (years) is about 69.
UNESCO. UIS. Org./Country.PH
 Infant mortality is a measure of a society’s quality of life because it
reflects the general level of nutrition and health care. A high infant
mortality rate can result from insufficient food (undernutrition),
poor nutrition (malnutrition), and a high incidence of infectious
disease, which is exacerbated by under - or malnutrition.
 While infant mortality rates in more-developed and less-developed
countries have declined dramatically since 1965, more than 4
million infants die during their first year of life.
 The U.S. ranks 54th in the world in infant mortality rates
due to:
 inadequate health care for poor women during
pregnancy and for their babies after birth
 drug addiction among pregnant women
 a high teenage pregnancy rate
 Migration affects an area’s population size

 Migration is the movement of people into (immigration) and

out of (emigration) specific geographic areas.
 Most people who migrate from one country to another are seeking
jobs.
 Religious persecution, ethnic conflicts, political oppression, wars,
and certain types of environmental degradation are also factors.
 Environmental refugees are people who migrate due to
environmental degradation such as soil erosion, and water and food
shortages. One UN study estimated that a million people are added to
this category every year.
How does a population’s age structure
affect its growth or decline?
 A population’s age structure helps us to make
projections
 Age structure is the numbers or percentages of males and females in
young, middle, and older age groups in a given population.
 Population age-structure diagrams are made by plotting the
percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in
each of three age categories:
Prereproductive (0–14): normally too young to have children.
Reproductive (15–44): normally able to have children.
Postreproductive (45+): normally too old to have children.
 Demographic momentum is rapid population growth in a country that has a large
percentage of people younger than 15, and happens when a large number of girls enter
their prime reproductive years.
 1.8 billion people will move into their reproductive years by 2025.
 Most future human population growth will take place in less-developed countries due
to their population age structure.
 The global population of seniors (age 65 and older) is increasing due to declining
birth rates and medical advances that have extended life spans.
POPULATION PYRAMID OF THE PHILIPPPINES
Aging in the Philippines
(The Gerontological Society of America, 2018)
Generalized Population Age-Structure Diagrams
 With the exemption of China, the nations with the longest
life expectancies for its citizens are all in the Northern
Hemisphere, namely, in North America and Europe. Northern
Hemisphere populations are basically old, white, rich, well
educated and barely maintaining themselves in terms of
numbers.
 By contrast, populations in the Southern
Hemisphere are mostly young, nonwhite, poor, less
educated; they account for 98% of the world's
population growth.
(Hodgkinson, 1998)
 Populations made up mostly of older people can
decline rapidly
 Japan has the world’s highest % of elderly people and the
world’s lowest % of young people.
 Due to its discouragement of immigration, it may face a bleak
economic future.
 Average age of China’s population is increasing at one of the
fastest rates ever recorded. This leads to a declining work force,
higher wages for workers, limited funds for supporting
continued economic development, and fewer children and
grandchildren to care for the growing number of elderly people.
 Populations can decline from a rising death
rate: the AIDS tragedy
 Between 1981 and 2010, AIDS killed more than 29 million people, and it takes
about 2 million more lives each year (22,000 in the United States).
 AIDS kills many young adults and leaves many children orphaned, causing a
change in the young-adult age structure of a country. This causes a sharp drop in
average life expectancy, especially in several African countries where 15–26% of
the adult population is infected with HIV.
 AIDS can cause a pandemic loss of productive young adult workers and trained
personnel.
 Prevalence of HIV (% of Philippine population aged 15-49 years) is o.10
Rapid population decline can cause several
problems
How can we slow human
population growth?
People vs. "Unchecked population growth
leads to famine." - -Rev.
Thomas Malthus

Planet
Three effective ways to slow population growth

Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women and girls
Encourage family planning and reproductive health care
"People packed into slums need help, but the problems that need
solving is poverty and lack of infrastructure, not overpopulation.
Giving every woman access to family planning services is a
good idea - the one strategy that can make the biggest difference
to women lives" (Chandra 2011)
Four of every ten people in India struggle to live on the
equivalent of less than $1.25/day or Php62.5
 Empower women to slow down population
growth
 Women tend to have fewer children if they are educated, have the ability to control their
own fertility, hold a paying job outside the home, and live in societies that do not
suppress their rights.
 Women account for 66% of all hours worked but receive only 10% of the world’s income
and own just 2% of the world’s land.
 Women make up 70% of the world’s poor and 64% of its 800 million illiterate adults.
 Poor women who cannot read often have an average of 5 – 7 children, compared to 2 or
fewer children in societies where almost all women can read.
Empowering There are clear links between
increased education and improved
maternal health, lower child mortality,

Women and better child health, nutrition, higher life

expectancy and lower fertility rates.
Women who are educated have
enhanced self-esteem and well-being,

Girls and as a result they delay marriage and

sexual activity.
  Around the world, the childbearing
decisions of young women will determine
whether global population stabilizes or not.
Research shows that the more education a
Agents of woman receives, the fewer children she is likely
to have.
Change
- Randy Olson
 More U.S women are having children later in
life (Pew Research Center). Some possible
reasons. Higher education, fertility
treatments and changing attitudes toward
marriage, and reason to delay pregnancy.

Culture:
Modern "It is clear that we think
Mothering differently today than we did
several decades ago" -
Cara Birnbaun
 Countries in which women are better
educated typically have smaller families and
lower rates of population growth.

Example: Sub-Sahara Africa has high

population, and low education.

(BledaeA, Coraline H. et.al. Critical

perspectives on schooling and Fertility of the
Developing World. Washington, DC. National
Academy Press)
 Promote family planning

 Family planning provides educational and clinical services that

help couples choose how many children to have and when to
have them.
 Successes of family planning:
 Without family planning programs that began in the 1970s, the world’s
population would be about 8.5 billion instead of the current 7 billion.
 Family planning has reduced the number of abortions performed each
year and decreased the numbers of mothers and fetuses dying during
pregnancy.
 Problems that have hindered success in some countries:
 42% of all pregnancies in less-developed countries are
unplanned and 26% end with abortion.
 An estimated 201 million couples in less-developed countries
want to limit their number of children, but lack access to family
planning services.
How many babies are born every minute in the Philippines?

199 Babies born per

hour

3 Babies born per minute

Philippine Population:

2017 104.92 Million

2019 109.16 Million

2020 111.34 Million

2021 113.57 Million

2022 115.84 Million

• 28 Million students are in school.

Enrolment Data:

Public School 23,463,675 84.5%

Private School 4,140,884 14.9%

SUCs/LUCs 152,987 0.6%

DepEd Planning Services (2018)

There are about 15 million who did not finish or
did not start basic education (OSCYs).

(UNESCO Philippines)
 • 3.8 Million Out of School Children and Youths (OSCYs)
87.3% 16 - 24 years old
7.7% 12 - 15 years old
5% 6 - 17 years old

1:10 aged 6 - 24 is OSCY

(2016 Survey of PSA)

• Proportions of OSCYs Principal Reasons

Males 36.7% Lack of interest
Females 63.3% Marriage or family matter
 The Casey foundation annually produces a map that
ranks states in terms of teen pregnancies, high school
dropouts, single mothers, low income families, violent
teenage deaths and infant and child mortality.
Combining all of these factors can help make predictions
about which children will be in most trouble and which
will graduate from high school and go to college.
(Hodgkinson,1998)
 Countries with Most Universities
(www.aneki.com)
Country Number of Universities

India 8,407
US 5,758
Argentina 1,705
Spain 1,415
Mexico 1,341
Bangladesh 1,268
Indonesia 1,236
Japan 1,223
France 1,062
China 1,054
The 10 Most Educated Countries in the World
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Data)

10 Luxembourg 42.86%

9 Norway 43.02%

8 Finland 43.60%

7 Australia 43.73%

6 US 45.67%

5 UK 45.96%

4 Korea 46.86%

3 Israel 49.9%

2 Japan 50.50%

1 Canada 56.27%
The RETURNS OF EDUCATION (Michaleowe, 2000)
• Education and fertility show inverse relationship.

The higher the educational attainment, the smaller is the mean number of
children per woman.

Higher educational attainment implies higher income and occupational

status which are both conducive to low mortality.

• Education and life expectancy show linear relationship.

Life expectancy increases linearly with educational attainment.

(Concepcion, 1977)

University of the Philippines Population Institute

 "One in seven people on
Earth lives in slums today.
Providing them housing and
education will be one of the
greatest challenges facing a
world of 7 billion people
and counting." (Bendiksen,
2011)
• Education is a crucial determinant of individual
empowerment and human capital
• Education is a key driver of socio-economic
development (public health, economic growth,
quality of institutions and democracy and adoptive
capacity to climate change.)
 “Education leads to lower birth rates and slows population
growth. We have seen more astonishing transitions, especially in
the 1970’s in what were then poor countries where fertility rates fell
and when levels of education went up.” (Montgomery, 2011)

Stony Brook University

Population Research Council

"We have seen more astonishing transitions, especially in the 1970s in what more than poor
countries where fertility rates fell when levels of education went up." (Mongomery)
 Planetary habitability

The ability of planet to sustain life. Possible for another billion

years or so!

There is a point that the Earth will be unable to sustain human

life.
Ours is a finite earth…We live in the world of limited resources.
Nature knows best..
But war, climate change and food shortages can wipe us out
long before that if we are not careful to keep our planet healthy.
 By 2045, global population is
projected to reach 9 billion. Can
the planet take this strain?
- The answers will depend on the
decisions each of us makes.

(Population Reference Bureau and

United Nations)
 People vs. Planet

 History and science cannot predict the outcome of People vs.

Planet, because all the facts of the case how many of us there
will be and how we will live depend on choices we have yet
to make and ideas we have yet to have. (Cohen, 2011)
 Basic Ecological Law (Limiting Factor)

 The size of a population is limited by the short supply of resources

needed for survival. The scarcity of only one of the essential resources
for humans – air, energy, food, space, non-renewable resources, heat
and water – would be enough to put a limit on its population growth. It
is unknown how much farther the carrying capacity can be expanded
before one of the limits is reached. (Cohen, 2012).
 Everything is connected to everything else: population growth,
economic growth and technological advancements.
 Simon (1981) believed that the ultimate resource of Earth
is the human mind. The more human minds there are, the
more solutions there will be to human problems.
There are almost 7 billion reasons why we should work together.

-Solutions to most fundamental challenges can be found in

science, people collaborating across
boarders, academics, companies, governments, organizations,
culture and scientists.
Together, we can feed the world.
The Earth's population will increase by 150,000 people per
day for the next 40 years, which means the world will need to
increase food production by 70 % in that same period - even as
the relative number of acres that can be cultivated globally
shrinks. To feed our increasing numbers, we will need to find
ways to grow more food per acre.
Together, we can decrease dependence on fossil fuels
By 2030, the world will consume 60 % more energy than
today. And while the demand for energy grows, the supply of
fossil fuels will not. Deep expertise in microbiology,
fermentation, polymer science and electrochemistry will help
make possible the transition from fossil fuels to more
sustainable alternatives.
 ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES THAT CAN BE
DEVELOPED TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS

(Corson, W.H., 1990: Ehrlich, P. & Ehrlick, A, 1990: Miller,

T.G. 1992:, Newton, D. E.,1992:, Wasserman, P. 1996)
1. Population projections represent the playing out
into the future of a set of assumptions about future
fertility and mortality rates. More public education
is needed to develop more awareness about
population issues. Facts like the size or the growth
rate of the human population should be in the head
of every citizen. Schools should inform students
about population issues in order for them to make
projections about the future generations.
2. Action plans and strategies can be developed to increase public
understanding of how rapid population growth limits chances for
meeting basic needs. The spirit of open communication, and
empowerment of individual women and men will be key to a
successful solution to many population problems. Collective vision
about health care, family planning and women's education at the
community level build a basis for action. The creation of action plans
help to meet challenges to find cooperative solutions. Free and equal
access to health care, family planning and education are desirable in
their own right and will also help reduce unwanted fertility.
3. Individual choice, human rights and collective
responsibility are key to allowing families to plan the
size and spacing of their children. It is essential to
achieve a balance between population and the available
resources. Teachers, parents, community workers
and other stakeholders should extend the range of
choices about available resources to individuals,
especially women, and by equalizing opportunities
between the genders from birth onwards.
4. Teachers, parents, other educators, politicians
and other concerned citizens can practice how to
make good decisions in everyday life (ethical,
informed and programmed and working decisions).
Decisions about family size, and resource will affect
the future generations. Through community forms,
specific issues about the population growth can be
discussed and possible action plans can be
developed.
5. Teachers, as well as students can use the
information super highway to gain knowledge about
other countries' population and resources. Teachers
can help students with problems and decision making
on a daily basis. The investigation of world
population will raise the level of awareness, so that
we can learn to handle problems based on data. This
data can help us to analyze our situations in a
practical way.
6. Teachers, students, parents and other
stakeholders can look for trends in the population
explosion. They can hold community meetings at
school to discuss how this issue presents a challenge
to the big picture of human population on the planet
"Earth".
7. Filipino lawmakers (legislators) need to focus more on:
Improved working conditions
Quality schools
Skilled birth attendants
Health-care facilities
Maternal health
Education
Employment

not on population control!

REFERENCES
Corson, W.H. (1990) The Global Ecology Handbook. What You Can Do About the
Environmental Crisis, Boston: Beacon Press.

Ehrlich, P. & Ehrlick, A (1990) The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and
Schuster

Miller, T.G. (1992) Living In The Environment. Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth, Inc.
pp. 4-29

Miller, T. G. (1995) Environmental Science: Working With The Earth. Belmont,

Calif: Wadsworth, Inc. pp. 130-60

National Geographic. Population 7 Billion. January 2011 Isssue  

Newton, D. E.(1992) Population: Too Many People. Library of Congress,
U.S .A.

Robinson, W.C. et al. (2007). The Global Family Planning Revolution

Sadik, N. (1995). The State Of World Population. New York: United Nation
Population Fund.

Seitz, J.L. and Hite, K.A. (2012). Global Issues: An Introduction. 4 th Ed.
Blackwell Publishing.s

Wasserman, P. (1996) People and the Planet: Lessons for a Sustainable Future.
Wash, D. C.: Zero Population Growth, Inc.

Population Reference Bureau (1997) World Population Data Sheet. Wash,

D.C: PRB
 Dios ti agngina…
Agyamanak Unay!!!