Stoichiometry

USING EQUATIONS
• Nearly everything we use is
manufactured from chemicals.
– Soaps, shampoos, conditioners, cd’s,
cosmetics, medications, and clothes.
• For a manufacturer to make a profit
the cost of making any of these items
can’t be more than the money paid for
them.
• Chemical processes carried out in
industry must be economical, this is
where balanced equations help.
USING EQUATIONS
• Equations are a chemist’s recipe.
– Eqs tell chemists what amounts of
reactants to mix and what amounts of
products to expect.
• When you know the quantity of one
substance in a rxn, you can calculate
the quantity of any other substance
consumed or created in the rxn.
– Quantity meaning the amount of a
substance in grams, liters, molecules,
or moles.
 Stoichiometry
• Consider: 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
• Recall that many conversion factors exist:
4 mol NH3/5 mol O2, 6 mol H2O/4 mol NH3, etc
• In words, this tells us that for every 4 moles of
NH3, 5 moles of O2 are required, etc.
• “Stoichiometry” refers to the relative quantities
of moles. It also refers to calculations that
make use of mole ratios.
• Recall also that molar masses provide factors:
• 1 mol NH3 / 17 g NH3, 32 g O2 / 1 mol O2
• Is 4 g NH3 / 5 g O2 a conversion factor?
• No. The equation tells us moles not grams.
• Notice that stoichiometry requires precision
 Stoichiometry questions (1)
Consider : 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
• How many moles of H2O are produced if
0.176 mol of O2 are used?
# mol H2O= 0.176 mol O2 x 6 mol H2O = 0.2112
5 mol O2 mol H2O
• How many moles of NO are produced in the
reaction if 17 mol of H2O are also produced?
# mol NO= 17 mol H2O x 4 mol NO = 11.33
6 mol H2O mol NO
Notice that a correctly balanced equation is
essential to get the right answer
 Stoichiometry questions (2)
Consider : 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
• How many grams of H2O are produced if 1.9
mol of NH3 are combined with excess oxygen?
# g H2O=
1.9 mol NH3 x 6 mol H2O x 18.02 g H2O = 51.4 g
4 mol NH3 1 mol H2O H2O
• How many grams of O2 are required to
produce 0.3 mol of H2O?
# g O2=
0.3 mol H2O x 5 mol O2 x 32 g O2 = 8 g O2
6 mol H2O 1 mol O2
 Stoichiometry questions (3)
Consider : 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
• How many grams of NO is produced if 12 g of
O2 is combined with excess ammonia?
# g NO=
12 g O2 x 1 mol O2 x 4 mol NO x 30.01 g NO
32 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol NO
= 9.0 g NO
 Converting grams to grams
• Notice that we cannot directly convert from
grams of one compound to grams of another.
Instead we have to go through moles.
• Many stoichiometry problems follow a pattern:
grams(x)  moles(x)  moles(y)  grams(y)
• We can start anywhere along this path
depending on the question we want to answer
Q- for the reaction 2H2 + O2  2H2O what is the
path we would take for the following
• Given 2 moles H2O, calculate grams H2O?
• Moles O2 required for 36 g H2?
• Grams of H2O produced from 6 grams O2?
 Moving along the stoichiometry path
• We always use the same type of information
to make the jumps between steps:
Molar mass of x Molar mass of y
grams (x)  moles (x)  moles (y)  grams (y)

Mole ratio from

balanced equation

Given: 4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO

a) How many moles of H2O can be made using 0.5 mol NH3?
b) what mass of NH3 is needed to make 1.5 mol NO? c)
how many grams of NO can be made from 120 g of NH 3?
 Answers
4NH3 + 5O2  6H2O + 4NO
a)
# mol H2O= 0.5 mol NH3 x 6 mol H2O = 0.75
b) 4 mol NH3 mol H2O
# g NH3=
1.5 mol NO x 4 mol NH3 x 17.04 g NH3= 25.6 g
c) 4 mol NO 1 mol NH3 NH3
# g NO=
120 g NH3 x 1 mol NH3 x 4 mol NO x 30.01 g NO
17.04 g NH3 4 mol NH3 1 mol NO
= 211 g NO
 More Stoichiometry Questions
Follow the rules for significant digits. Show all calculations.
1. 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 -> 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
a) what mass of O2 will react with 400 g C4H10?
b) how many moles of water are formed in a)?
2. 3 HCl + Al(OH)3 -> 3 H2O + AlCl3
How many grams of aluminum hydroxide will react
with 5.3 moles of HCl?
3. Ca(ClO3)2 -> CaCl2 + 3 O2
What mass of O2 results from the decomposition of
1.00 kg of calcium chlorate?
4. The reaction of Ca with water can be predicted
using the activity series. What mass of water is
needed to completely react with 2.35 g of Ca?
5. Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2.
a) How many moles of carbon monoxide are
required to react with 163.0 g of iron(III) oxide?
b) How many grams of CO2 are produced from a
reaction that also produces 23.9 grams of Fe?
6. 3Cu + 8HNO3  3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
a) how many moles of copper(II) nitrate can be
prepared from 17.0 moles of Cu?
b) how many grams of copper(II) nitrate can be
prepared using 3.8 moles of HNO3?
c) what mass of water results from the reaction of
8.50 kg of copper metal?
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 Mole Ratios
 These mole ratios can be used to calculate
the moles of one chemical from the given
amount of a different chemical
 Example: How many moles of chlorine are
needed to react with 5 moles of sodium
(without any sodium left over)?
2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl

5 moles Na 1 mol Cl2

= 2.5 moles Cl2
2 mol Na
 Mole-Mole Conversions
 How many moles of sodium chloride will
be produced if you react 2.6 moles of
chlorine gas with an excess (more than
you need) of sodium metal?
 Mole-Mass Conversions
 Most of the time in chemistry, the amounts are
given in grams instead of moles
 We still go through moles and use the mole ratio,
but now we also use molar mass to get to grams
 Example: How many grams of chlorine are required
to react completely with 5.00 moles of sodium to
produce sodium chloride?
2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl

5.00 moles Na 1 mol Cl2 70.90g Cl2 = 177g Cl2

2 mol Na 1 mol Cl
 Practice
 Calculate the mass in grams of Iodine
required to react completely with 0.50
moles of aluminum.
 Mass-Mole
 We can also start with mass and convert to
moles of product or another reactant
 We use molar mass and the mole ratio to get
to moles of the compound of interest
Calculate the number of moles of ethane (C2H6)
needed to produce 10.0 g of water
 2 C2H6 + 7 O2  4 CO2 + 6 H20

10.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 2 mol C2H6 = 0.185

mol C2H6
18.0 g H2O 6 mol H20
 Practice
 Calculate how many moles of oxygen are
required to make 10.0 g of aluminum oxide
 Mass-Mass Conversion
 Ex. Calculate how many grams of
ammonia are produced when you react
2.00g of nitrogen with excess hydrogen.
 N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3

2.00g N2 1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.06g NH3

28.02g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3
= 2.4 g NH3
 Practice
 How many grams of calcium nitride are
produced when 2.00 g of calcium reacts
with an excess of nitrogen?
 MOLE – MOLE EXAMPLE
• The following rxn shows the synthesis
of aluminum oxide.
3O2(g) + 4Al(s)  2Al2O3(s)
• If you only had 1.8 mols of Al how
much product could you make?
Given: 1.8 moles of Al
Uknown: ____ moles of Al2O3
 MOLE – MOLE EXAMPLE
• Solve for the unknown:
3O2(g) + 4Al(s)  2Al2O3(s)

2 mol Al2O3
1.8 mol Al = 0.90mol
4 mol Al Al2O3

Mole Ratio
 MOLE – MOLE EXAMPLE 2
• The following rxn shows the synthesis
of aluminum oxide.
3O2(g) + 4Al(s)  2Al2O3(s)
• If you wanted to produce 24 mols of
product how many mols of each
reactant would you need?
Given: 24 moles of Al2O3
Uknown: ____ moles of Al
____ moles of O2
 MOLE – MOLE EXAMPLE 2
• Solve for the unknowns:
3O2(g) + 4Al(s)  2Al2O3(s)

4 mol Al
24 mol Al2O3 = 48 mol Al
2 mol Al2O3

3 mol O2
24 mol Al2O3 = 36 mol O2
2 mol Al2O3
MASS – MASS CALCULAT’NS 1
Acetylene gas (C2H2) is
produced by adding water to
calcium carbide (CaC2).
CaC2 + 2H2O  C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

How many grams of C2H2 are produced

by adding water to 5.00 g CaC2?
 MASS – MASS CALCULAT’NS 1
• What do we know?
– Given mass = 5.0 g CaC2
– Mole ratio: 1 mol CaC2 = 1 mol C2H2
– MM of CaC2 = 64.0 g CaC2
– MM of C2H2 = 26.0g C2H2
• What are we asked for?
– grams of C2H2 produced
 MASS – MASS CALCULAT’NS 1
mass A  moles A  moles B  mass B

5.0 g 1 mol CaC2 1 mol C2H2

CaC2
64.0 g CaC2 1mol CaC2

26.0 g C2H2
1mol C2H2
= 2.03 g C2H2
 MASS – MASS CALCULAT’NS 2
Cu + 2AgNO3  2Ag + Cu(NO3)2
• What do we know?
– Given mass = 500 g of AgNO3
– Mole ratio: 2 mol AgNO3 = 2 mol Ag
– MM of AgNO3: 169.84g = 1mol
– MM of Ag: 107.87 g = 1mol
– Price of Silver: $9.00 = 1 ounce
– Conversion g to oz: 28.23g = 1 oz
 MASS – MASS CALCULAT’NS 2

500 g 1mol AgNO3 2 mol Ag

AgNO3
169.8gAgNO3 2 mol AgNO3

107.87g Ag 1 oz $9.00
1mol Ag 28.23 g 1 oz

= $101.24
MORE MOLE EXAMPLES
How many molecules of O2 are
produced when a sample of
29.2 g of H2O is decomposed by
electrolysis according to this
balanced equation:
2H2O  2H2 + O2
 MORE MOLE EXAMPLES
• What do we know?
– Mass of H2O = 29.2 g H2O
– 2 mol H2O = 1 mol O2 (from balanced
equation)
– MM of H2O = 18.0 g H2O
– 1 mol O2 = 6.02x1023 molecules of O2
• What are we asked for?
– molecules of O2
mass A  mols A  mols B 
molecules B
29.2 g 1 mol H2O 1 mol O2
H2 O
18.0 g H2O 2 mol H2O
6.02x1023
molecules O2
1 mol O2
= 4.88 x 1023
molecules O2
MORE MOLE EXAMPLES
The last step in the production of
nitric acid is the reaction of NO2
with H2O.
3NO2+H2O2HNO3+NO
How many liters of NO2 must react
with water to produce 5.00x1022
molecules of NO?
 MORE MOLE EXAMPLES
• What do we know?
– Molecules NO = 5.0x1022 molecules NO
– 1 mol NO = 3 mol NO2 (from balanced
equation)
– 1 mol NO = 6.02x1023 molecules NO
– 1 mol NO2 = 22.4 L NO2
• What are we asked for?
– Liters of NO2
 molecules A mols mols B volume B

5.0x1022 mol- 1 mol NO 3 mol NO2

ecules NO
6.02x1023 mol- 1 mol NO
ecules NO
22.4 L NO2
1 mol NO2

= 5.58 L NO2
 Aspirin can be made from a chemical rxn
between the reactants salicylic acid and
acetic anhydride. The products of the rxn
are acetyl-salicylic acid (aspirin) and acetic
acid (vinegar). Our factory makes 125,000
100-count bottles of Bayer Aspirin/day.
Each bottle contains 100 tablets, and each
tablet contains 325mg of aspirin. How
much in kgs + 10% for production
problems, of each reactant must we have
in order to meet production?
C7H6O3 + C4H6O3  C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2
Salicylic Acetic aspirin vinegar
acid anhydride
• What do we know?
– Make 125,000 aspirin bottles/day
– 100 aspirin/bottle
– 325 mg aspirin/tablet
– Mole ratio of aspirin to salicylic acid (1:1)
and acetic anhydride (1:1)
– MM aspirin = 180.11g
– MM C7H6O3 = 138.10g
– MM C4H6O3 = 102.06g
• What are we asked for?
– Mass of salicylic acid in kgs + 10%
– Mass of acetic anhydride in kgs + 10%
125,000 100 tablets 325mg asp.
bottles
1 bottle 1 tablet

1g 1mol asp.
1000 mg 180.16g

= 22,549.4 mols aspirin

Salicylic Acid:

22,549.4 1 mol C7H6O3 136.10g C7H6O3

mols
aspirin 1 mol asp 1 mol C7H6O3

1 kg = 3068.97 kg salicylic
1000 g acid + (306.897 g)

= 3380 kg of salicylic acid

Acetic Anhydride:

22,549.4 1 mol C4H6O3 102.06g C4H6O3

mols
aspirin 1 mol asp 1 mol C4H6O3

1 kg = 2301.39 kg
Acetic anhydride
1000 g + 230.139 kg

= 2530 kg Acetic anhydride

 Limiting Reactant
 Most of the time in chemistry we have more of
one reactant than we need to completely use
up other reactant.
 That reactant is said to be in excess (there is
too much).
 The other reactant limits how much product we
get. Once it runs out, the reaction s.
This is called the limiting reactant.
 Limiting Reactant
 To find the correct answer, we have to try all of
the reactants. We have to calculate how much
of a product we can get from each of the
reactants to determine which reactant is the
limiting one.
 The lower amount of a product is the correct
answer.
 The reactant that makes the least amount of
product is the limiting reactant. Once you
determine the limiting reactant, you should
ALWAYS start with it!
 Be sure to pick a product! You can’t compare to
see which is greater and which is lower unless
the product is the same!
 Limiting
Limiting
Reactant Reactant: Example
 10.0g of aluminum reacts with 35.0 grams of
chlorine gas to produce aluminum chloride. Which
reactant is limiting, which is in excess, and how
much product is produced?
2 Al + 3 Cl2  2 AlCl3
 Start with Al:
10.0 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3
= 49.4g AlCl3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol AlCl3
 Now Cl2:
35.0g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 2 mol AlCl3 133.5 g AlCl3
= 43.9g AlCl3
71.0 g Cl2 3 mol Cl2 1 mol AlCl3
 LR Example Continued
 We get 49.4g of aluminum chloride from the given
amount of aluminum, but only 43.9g of aluminum
chloride from the given amount of chlorine.
Therefore, chlorine is the limiting reactant. Once
the 35.0g of chlorine is used up, the reaction
comes to a complete .
 Limiting Reactant Practice
 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of
iodine. Calculate which reactant is limiting
and how much product is made.
 Finding the Amount of Excess
 By calculating the amount of the excess
reactant needed to completely react with
the limiting reactant, we can subtract that
amount from the given amount to find the
amount of excess.
 Can we find the amount of excess
potassium in the previous problem?
 Finding Excess Practice
 15.0 g of potassium reacts with 15.0 g of iodine.
2 K + I2  2 KI
 We found that Iodine is the limiting reactant, and
19.6 g of potassium iodide are produced.

15.0 g I2 1 mol I2 2 mol K 39.1 g K

= 4.62 g K
254 g I2 1 mol I2 1 mol K USED!

15.0 g K – 4.62 g K = 10.38 g K EXCESS

Given amount
Amount of Note that we started with
of excess
excess
reactant the limiting reactant! Once
reactant
actually you determine the LR, you
used should only start with it!
 Limiting Reactant: Recap
1. You can recognize a limiting reactant problem because
there is MORE THAN ONE GIVEN AMOUNT.
2. Convert ALL of the reactants to the SAME product (pick
any product you choose.)
3. The lowest answer is the correct answer.
4. The reactant that gave you the lowest answer is the
LIMITING REACTANT.
5. The other reactant(s) are in EXCESS.
6. To find the amount of excess, subtract the amount used
from the given amount.
7. If you have to find more than one product, be sure to
start with the limiting reactant. You don’t have to
determine which is the LR over and over again!