Chapter 4:

Number and
Calculation 2
4.1 Multiples and Factors

* Multiples
- The multiples of a number are all the numbers from its time
table.
- For example: the multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9

* Factors
- The factors of a number are all whole numbers that divide
into it.
- For example: the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6
Example 1
Using counters, find all the factors of 12.
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 x 12

● ● ● ● ● ● 2x6
● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● 3x4
● ● ●
● ● ●
The factors of 12 are 1, 12, 2, 6, 3 and 4.
* Prime Numbers
- A number with exactly two different factors.
- For example: 23 ( factors are 1 and 23)
2 (factors are 1 and 2)

* Composite Numbers
- A number which has more than two different factors.
- For example: 12 ( factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12)
6 (factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6)

* 1 is not a prime number (as it doesn't have two factors)

* 1 is not a composite number (as it only has one factor)
* Prime Factors
- the factors of a number that are also prime numbers
are called the prime factors of that number.
- For example: 15 ( factors are 1, 3, 5 and 15)
( prime factors: 3 and 5)

Example 5 the prime factors of 126. (By tree factoring)

: Find

Example 6 : Find the prime factors of 126. (By short division)

* Highest Common Factor (HCF)
- Factors of 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
- Factors of 30 = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
- Common factors of 20 and 30 are 1, 2, 5, 10.
- Highest common factor (HCF) is 10.

* Lowest Common Multiple

- Multiples of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, ...
- Multiples of 8 = 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, ...
- Common multiples of 6 and 8 are 24 and 48.
- Lowest common multiple (LCM) is 24.
Exercise 4E
1.) One athlete runs around a track in 65
seconds. The second athlete takes 70 seconds.
If they both start together:
a.) when will the first “lap” the second?
b.) how many laps will the first have completed when he “laps”
the second?

2.) The HCF of two numbers is 12. What could these numbers
be? How many answers can you get?
4.2 Divisibility tests
Numbers which end in 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 are even numbers.
They are divisible by 2.
Numbers which end in 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 are odd numbers.

- For example: 84, 206, 1118 are all even numbers and are
divisible by 2 without remainder:
84 ÷ 2 = 42
206 ÷ 2 = 103
1118 ÷ 2 = 559
4.2 Divisibility tests
Divisibility Test
÷2 Numbers ends in an even number
÷3 Sum of digits is a multiple of 3
÷4 Last two digits divisible by 4
÷5 Number ends in 5 or 0
÷6 Any even numbers with digit sum a multiple of 3
÷7 No test!
÷8 The number when halved has its last two digits divisible by 4
÷9 Sum of digits is a multiple of 9
÷ 10 Number ends in 0
÷ 100 Number ends in 00

Divisibility tests can speed up calculation.

Example 7

Is 237 a prime number?

* 237 is odd, it is not divisible by 2.
* 237 has digit sum : 2 + 3 + 7 = 12, which is a multiple of 3.

* So 237 is divisible by 3 and not a prime number.

Exercise 4G
1.) Use divisibility tests to find out if:
a.) 1275 is divisible by 5
b.) 3 141 is divisible by 9
c.) 21 648 is divisible by 8
d.) 43 572 is divisible by 6
e.) 38 520 is divisible by 10
f.) 512 617 is divisible by 3
g.) 48 020 is divisible by 100
h.) 418 is divisible by 2
4.3 Squares and square roots

● To square a number you multiply it by itself.

We can use indices to write it more easily.

For example:
4 x 4 = 42 = 16
12 x 12 = 122 = 144
2.5 x 2.5 = 2.52 = 6.25
16 x 16 = 162 = 256

32 is read as “three squared”

x2 is read as “x squared”
4.3 Squares and square roots
● Square numbers come from squaring an integer (whole number). A
square number can be shown as a picture of dots arranged in a square
shape:
22 = 4 (2 rows by 2 columns)
● ●
● ●

42 = 16 (4 rows by 4 columns)
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
* Square roots
The inverse of the square of a number is called its square root
(. )

For example, as a flow chart:

6 square 36
6 square root 36
That is 36
=6
Exercise 4J
1.) Find the edge length of a square with the area shown:

49 cm2 225
cm2 256 cm2 289 cm2
1. short
2. x2 key
3. square
2.) Complete using words and symbols from the list below: 4. calculator
a.) 92 is a _____ way of writing ______. 5. power
b.) The small raised ____ is called the ____ or the ______. 6. the square root
7. nine times
c.) The symbol _______ stands for the words _______. nine
d.) The _____ on a ______ is pressed to find the ____ of a 8. index
number. 9. 2
10. ( )
4.4 Multiplying and dividing with two digit numbers
* Multiplying
To multiply by 5, you multiply by 10 then halve your answer.

To multiply by 4, you double your number, then double again.

To multiply by 8, you double your number, then double again,

then double again.

Example 9
Workout:
18 × 10 180
a.) 18 × 5 = = = 90
2 2

b.)
33×4=33
×2×2=66
×2=132
4.4 Multiplying and dividing with two digit numbers
You can use distributive law to carry out long multiplication sums.
This is multiplying 2 (or more) digits by 2 (or more) digits:

Workout 24 x 18.

Using the distributive law: 24 x 18 = 24 x (10 + 8)

= 24 x 10 + 24 x 8

Using the distributive law again: 24 x 10 = 20 x 10 + 4 x 10

+ 24 x 8 = 20 x 8 + 4 x 8
200 + 40 + 160 + 32 = 432
Factors can be used to work out other multiplications quickly.

Example 11
What is 15 x 28?
15 x 28 = 15 x 2 x 14
= 30 x 14
= 10 x 3 x 14
= 10 x 42
= 420
You can also use the doubling/halving method. When
multiplying, if you double one number and halve the other you
get the same answer:
Example 12
Workout 14 x 16
14 x 16 = 28 x 8
= 56 x 4
= 112 x 2
= 224
● Division

The multiplication 7 x 6 is really a repeated addition.

7x6=6+6+6+6+6+6+6

In the same way, division can be thought of as a repeated

subtraction.
18 ÷ 6 = 3 can be written as:
18 - 6 = 12, 12 - 6 = 6, 6 - 6 = 0
3 subtractions in total.

6 can be subtracted from 18 three times until nothing remains.

 When dividing sometimes, you must give whole number answers,
even if there are remainders. This will happen in a certain context. You
need to know when to round up and when to round down.

Example 16
A box can gold 25 sweets, how many boxes do you need to pack 434
sweets? (Do the operation on the board)

There will be 17 full boxes, bu the last 9 sweets need to be in a box.

Although the answer is closer to 17 than 18 we need to round up to 18
boxes otherwise some sweets will be left unboxed.
Example 17
Making a pillow case requires 54 cm of fabric. If I have 9 metres of
fabric how many pillow cases can I make?

I can make 16 pillow cases. In this case the answer is closer to 17

than 16, however we need to round down to 16 pillow cases since we
don't have enough fabric for the 17th pillow case.
Consolidation
1. a.) Write down the first three multiples of 7.
b.) What are the factors of 42?

2.) Find the HCF and the LCM of 16 and 12.

3.) Is 153 a prime number?

4.) Find 72 and 81