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Chapter 27. Current and Resistance
Chapter 27. Current and Resistance
Chapter 27. Current and Resistance
Current and
Resistance
AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University
© 2007
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Define electric current and electromotive
force.
• Write and apply Ohm’s law to circuits
containing resistance and emf.
• Define resistivity of a material and apply
formulas for its calculation.
• Define and apply the concept of
temperature coefficient of resistance.
Electric Current
Electric current I is the rate of
the flow of charge Q through + +Q
a cross-section A in a unit of A
time t. t
Q 1C Wire
II Q 11A
A 1C
-
tt 11ss
One
One ampere
ampere AA isis charge
charge flowing
flowing at
at
the
the rate
rate of
of one
one coulomb
coulomb per
per second
second..
Example 1. The electric current in a
wire is 6 A. How many electrons flow
past a given point in a time of 3 s?
qq
II ;; qq ItIt
tt I=6A
q = (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
Recall that: 1 e- = 1.6 x 10-19 C, then convert:
1e-
18 C 18 C -19
1,125 x 10 20
electrons
1.6 x 10 C
Flow E
+ - + -
- + - + -
Electric Resistance
Suppose we apply a constant potential difference
of 4 V to the ends of geometrically similar rods
of, say: steel, copper, and glass.
Steel Copper Glass
Is Ic Ig
4V 4V 4V
The current in glass is much less than for
steel or iron, suggesting a property of
materials called electrical resistance R.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current I through a
given conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference V between its end points.
Ohm law:: II
Ohm''ss law VV
Ohm’s law allows us to define resistance R
and to write the following forms of the law:
VV VV
II ;; VV IR
IR;; RR
RR II
Example 2. When a 3-V battery is
connected to a light, a current of 6 mA
is observed. What is the resistance of
the light filament?
V 3.0 V
R
I 0.006 A
RR == 500
500
+ -
R
The SI unit for electrical I 6 mA
resistance is the ohm, V=3V
11 V
V
11
Source of
11 A
A EMF
Laboratory Circuit Symbols
A
+
V Emf Rheostat
-
A 2A
2
1
Factors Affecting R (Cont.)
3. The temperature T of the material. The
higher temperatures usually result in
higher resistances.
R > Ro
Ro
4. The kind of material. Iron has more
electrical resistance than a geometrically
similar copper conductor.
Ri > Rc
Copper Iron
Resistivity of a Material
The resistivity is a property of a material
that determines its electrical resistance R.
D (0.001 m)
2 2
A A = 7.85 x 10-7 m2
4 4
LL RA (0.004 )(7.85 x 10 -7 2
m )
RR L
AA 1.72 x 10 m
-8
RR 11
;; Units:
Units: 00
RR00tt CC
Example 4. The resistance of a copper wire is
4.00 m at 200C. What will be its resistance if
heated to 800C? Assume that = 0.004 /Co.
R
R == 1.03
1.03 m
m R = Ro + R
R = 4.00 m
m + 1.03 m
RR == 5.03
5.03 m
m
Electric Power
Electric power P is the rate at which electric
energy is expended, or work per unit of time.
To charge C: Work = qV
Work qV q V q
P and I
t t t
Substitute q = It , then: I
V
VIt
P P = VI
t
Calculating Power
Using Ohm’s law, we can find electric power
from any two of the following parameters:
current I, voltage V, and resistance R.
Ohm’s law: V = IR
22
VV
PP VI
VI;; PP II RR;; PP
22
RR
Example 5. A power tool is rated at 9 A
when used with a circuit that provides 120-V.
What power is used in operating this tool?
P 500 W
P I R; R 2
2
RR == 5.00
5.00
I (10 A) 2
Summary of Formulas
Electric Q 1C
Electric
current:
II Q 11A
A 1C
current: tt 11ss
Ohm’s
Ohm’s Law
Law
VV VV
II ;; VV IR
IR;; RR
RR II
11volt
volt
Resistance: 1 ohm
Resistance: 1 ohm
11ampere
ampere
Summary (Cont.)
Resistivity
Resistivity of LL RA
of RR or
or RA
materials:
materials: AA LL
Temperature
Temperature coefficient
coefficient of
of resistance:
resistance:
RR 11
R R0 t ;; Units:
Units: 00
RR00tt CC
22
Electric
Electric VV
PP VI
VI;; PP II RR;; PP
22
Power P:
Power P: RR
CONCLUSION: Chapter 27
Current and Resistance