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FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

Among the most prominent

factors affecting the use of
resources are motivation;
the quality, quantity and mix
of resources available;

life cycle and family composition; education and goals;

communication within the group; and customs, habits
and life style patterns pre established by the group.
 3

FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

Motivation : It is a prime factor in resource use because it
is an internal attitude. It is the way people use what they
have that is important in meeting and establishing life's
goals. Motivation directs or limits the quantity, quality, and
mix of resources that a person is willing to use in goal
attainment. Motivation is a result of combined forces,
some of which are recognized as resources.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

Capacity : The ability to receive, hold, and absorb

information and ideas is called capacity. Human
capacity sets limits on the use of resources. most
people's capacity so far exceeds their attainment
that the big task of management is to expose
underachievers to alternatives and to motivate them
to increase output.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

Philosophy: Philosophy is closely associated with a
person's standard of living. It is expressed through the
system of values by which people live; and it is exposed in
the things people have. Patterns of individual and group
behavior—especially patterns of resource use focused on
satisfying desires—are compositely called one's standard
of living. Cole described a standard as a mental, physical,
written, graphic, or other kind of representation of
desirable qualities that is used as a basis to compare like
products or procedures for identification or measurement
of satisfaction, to which products and services are often
made to conform.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

In today's consumer-oriented world, there are many

different kinds of standards that direct resource use.

When standards of living are defined in terms of quantity

and quality of goods and services desired, they strongly
affect resource choices. It is because standards are
attitudinal and reflect people's life philosophy, that they are
such a strong force in determining which resources will be
used in, what quantities for attainment of specific goals.
 7

FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

Family heritage : It is an influential factor in transmitting values
and establishing approved ways of satisfying wants. Heritage and
subcultures limit or expand the traditional use of resources.
Management patterns are influenced by the aged. Time is set aside
by each family member to spend with the elderly. Their judgment
is sought, and resources are devoted to their comfort and honor.
Heritage is legacy and tradition passed down from one generation
to another. Status and tradition within a group determine not only
who will control the resources—who will make the decisions—
but also the quantity and quality of the group's resources that will
be devoted to each person.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF RESOURCES

Resource quality, quantity, and combinations : Families with
limited resources are forced to make careful decisions about the
amount of one resource to invest in a given goal. Understanding the
characteristics of substitution and interchangeability of resources can
help such families to attain their goals. Timing, determining how
much of a resource is enough to achieve the desired goal without
over expenditure of resources, and deciding when to abandon goals
and shift resources to a new goal are three of the most crucial factors
relating to resource allocation. Juggling the quantity and quality of
resources to be used at different times for different purposes can be
learned with experience and deliberate practice.
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CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Resources are of two types - Human resources and non-
human or material resources. This method of classification
affords the opportunity to put into two grouping those
resources available for use. It is the simplest method of
classification. Using it one can readily identify those
resources which originate internally and those which do so
externally. This method of classification often aids in
identifying additional resources
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CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Human Resources include the
personal characteristics and
attributes i.e., education,
occupational status, skills,
attitudes, personality trait and
other personal characteristics
and also resources that are used
for the productive purposes
which includes, time, energy,
abilities and interests.
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CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Non-human or material
resources are material goods,
such as house, furniture, money
and community facilities which
include parks, library,
government hospitals, schools,
shopping and recreational
facilities. Non- human resources
are easily identifiable but are
limited in their availability
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CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Although the resources generally included are similar, each
system emphasizes a different characteristic of resources:
the source of the resources, their function, characteristics
of the environment, human versus nonhuman association,
or economic elements of the resources. No single system
of classification has yet received universal endorsement by
management specialists. This diversity indicates that
resource theory is still in a malleable stage of development.
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CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
In their revised edition, Gross,
Crandall, and Knoll describe
three classifications of
resources: human versus
nonhuman, economic versus
noneconomic, and a
classification based on sources
in the various environments
surrounding the family.
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HUMAN VERSUS NONHUMAN RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

Human resources are abilities and characteristics of individuals and
other resources that cannot be utilized independently of people. In
earlier editions of Management in Family Living, Nickell and
Dorsey identified human resources as those existing within people—
abilities and skills, attitudes, knowledge, and energy. They identified
nonhuman resources as those existing outside people but controlled,
utilized, or possessed by the family time, money, goods and property,
and community facilities. Gross, Crandall, and Knoll expanded the
usual list of human resources to include intelligence, creativity,
awareness, and standing plans. To the usual list of nonhuman
resources they added space and power.
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SPECIFIC VERSUS GENERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

Liston proposed the classification with two headings—specific or
general—eight basic types of resources involved in any managerial
effort toward goal achievement. According to this system of
classifying resources, space, time, natural environment, and cultural
environment would fall into the general, broadly available
classification; and human resources, community opportunities,
property, and income during a given period of time
would be considered as specific resources.
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SPECIFIC VERSUS GENERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

Liston defines a resource as the properties of an object, person, or
circumstance that can be used as a means to achieve a goal. Time, a
general resource in this classification, refers to clock time, biological
time, perceived time, and the duration or sequence of time. Space,
another general resource, implies social as well as physical space,
perceived as well as measured space. Income during a given period
of time and property are considered as specific resources in this
system. This is a fresh approach to resource classification. Its unique
features are its simplicity, emphasis on community opportunities and
consideration of human resources of group members, and the natural
and cultural environmental classes.
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HUMAN, PHYSICAL, AND PSYCHIC CAPITAL RESOURCE

CLASSIFICATION
Rice classified the resources available to the family as: human,
physical, and psychic capital. The term capital, in its broader sense,
meant any form of assets used or available for use in goal
attainment.
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HUMAN, PHYSICAL, AND PSYCHIC CAPITAL RESOURCE

CLASSIFICATION
According to this system, the components of human capital
are: technology, capacity, motivation, and time. Capacity is
the ability to adjust, to innovate and change. Physical
capital includes the frequency and amount of income as
well as purchasing power, elastic income (credit), wealth
and community facilities Psychic capital (the degree of
satisfaction derived from expenditure of human and
physical capital) is important because it regulates the
amount and quality of other resources required in the
pursuit of satisfaction by all family members.
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ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES

An ecological approach to management and resource

classification is also appropriate because of recent
experiences with scarcity of natural resources.
According to this approach, the environment is composed
of three elements: social, physical, and biological. Social
components of the environment include social
organizations (family, community, and other cultural
institutions that embrace customs, habits, and norms),
economic institutions (business, industry, stock market,
banks), and political institutions (different levels of
government).
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ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES

The physical components consist of man-made objects

(clothing, furnishings, tools, appliances, and dwellings),
less tangible surroundings (air, light, sound, temperature,
humidity, and space), and natural tangible surroundings
(soil, terrain, and rain). The biological components of the
environment are human (physiological, anatomical,
behavioral, and psychological) and non-human (animal,
insects, microbes, and viruses).
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SOCIAL LINKAGE APPROACH TO RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION

A social linkage approach to resource classification,

stressing the social orientation of the organization to which
the resources belong, is still another possibility and could
be more useful to the process-interaction approach to
management than some of the previous approaches. Since
any cooperative system is an organization, even an
individual can be considered an organization within a
social-linkage framework based on classification according
to who uses the resource.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY HUMAN-ECONOMIC-ENVIRONMENTAL
APPROACH
Each resource classification system serves to increase awareness
of specific resources as families seek goal attainment. An efficient
system would combine the best elements from each system of
classification into a logical and usable eclectic approach to
resources. Since each author or team of authors has predominately
refined one area, it seems profitable for managerial resource
theory to combine elements of each theory into one mutually
exclusive, broadly based system of resource classification. This
type of system should increase awareness of a larger variety of
resources available for management.
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INTERDISCIPLINARY HUMAN-ECONOMIC-ENVIRONMENTAL
APPROACH
The following classification system builds upon the
human, economic, and environmental approaches, utilizes
some of the social linkage groupings, and combines them
into one eclectic classification of resources available for
family management.
Human Resources: According to this system, three large areas of
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resources are delineated: human resources, economic resources,

and environmental resources. The classification of human
resources is subdivided into four categories: cognitive, affective,
psychomotor, and temporal resources. The first three terms are
common in education relating to behavioral objectives and levels
of learning.
Cognitive Resources: They are mental characteristics and are
related to knowledge acquired through practice. They are
intellectual abilities and include such human characteristics as
aptitude, intelligence, judgment, goal orientation, and adaptability.
Affective Resources: Human traits pertaining to, or resulting
from, emotions and feelings rather than from thought and
reasoning, are affective resources.
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PSYCHOMOTOR RESOURCES

Muscular activity and mental processes are combined

through these resources in the development of traits and
skills. They combine the ability to accomplish a job with
proficiency in carrying out the activity; this usually
requires some physical exertion. Some examples of
psychomotor resources are energy, vitality, smell, sight,
communication skills, and manners.
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TEMPORAL RESOURCES

In this classification system, time is considered a human

resource and refers not only to Sidereal "clock time", that
everyone possesses in equal amounts, but also to a person's
characteristic methods of assimilating and perceiving the
passage of time. Perceived time is highly related to
satisfaction with activity. Duration and time sequence are
related to effectiveness of time planning for home-related
work. People differ in their ability to gauge the passage of
time or to estimate the amount of time that an activity will
take.
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Economic Resources : According to this classification scheme,

these resources include money in-come, elastic income, and
wealth.
Money Income: This resource is defined as a monetary benefit or
gain derived from capital or labor. It includes not only the amount
of gross monetary receipts to a person or family, but its
characteristic pattern and frequency of flow to the family.
Fringe Benefits: These resources are advantages in goods and
services derived as a consequence of employment but exclude
money income. A typical package of employee benefits includes
medical care services, medical and surgical insurance, life
insurance plans, paid vacations, and a retirement program toward
which the employer pays at least a portion of the cost.
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Credit: Because of increased use of credit and its potential

to expand the purchasing power of such a large segment of
the population, elastic income has a category of its own in
the proposed eclectic classification of resources.
Wealth: The last subcategory of economic resources is
wealth. Wealth also refers to the family's pattern of asset
holdings, not just what is on hand at the present time.
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Environmental Resources : Environmental resources are classified

as either physical or social. The physical environmental resources
include two types of surroundings—natural tangible surroundings
and less tangible surroundings. The former are the elements of the
environment and climate that can be perceived by the sense of touch,
such as soil, terrain, rain. and minerals. Non tangible surroundings
are the elements of the environment and climate that are less tangible
but include those that can be measured, such as air, light, sound,
temperature, and humidity. Some non tangible surroundings can be
heard (such as sound), and some can be seen when the quality has
been polluted but are relatively invisible when their quality is high
(such as air).
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Conclusion : Management means planning, directing,

guiding, co-ordinating, controlling and evaluating, the use
of the human and the material resources of the family, for
the purpose of attaining maximum satisfaction. The
integration of all the available resources will lead to a
satisfactory path to attain the goal. The use and abuse of
the different types of resources affect the efficiency of the
management. Quality of life is determined by the proper
utilisation of the resources.