MEMORY

Major Memories, Distinction, Computer

Memory,Volatile and Non Volatile
memory,RAM & ROM

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 TYPES OF MEMORIES

MEMORIES

1. MAGNETIC
2,.Optical 3. SEMICONDUCTOR.

CD DRIVE
1.Hard Disc
2.Floppy RAM
3.Magnetic tape ROM
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 Memories
1. Magnetic Memories-Core Memory-Magnetic
memories are nonvolatile memory. They store
information permanently. They are slower than
semiconductor memory. Three types: hard
disks, floppy disks and tapes.
2. Semiconductor memories- two types: RAM
(random access memory) and ROM (read only
memory)
3. Optical memory-Back up memory-CD

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 Core memory (Magnetic memory)
• Use small magnetic ceramic rings, the cores,
through which wires are threaded to store
information via the polarity of the magnetic field
• Such memory is often just called core memory
• Each ring stores one bit (a 0 or 1).
• To select a memory location, X & Y lines are
driven with half the current required to cause this
change.

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Core memory

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 Core Memory
• Core Memory made up of Ferrite Cores
arranged in a two-dimensional grid in X &
Y
• Wires are threaded into X & Y thru which
current is applied to change from 0 to 1
• Word-lines (Rows –X)
• Bit lines (Columns-Y)

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 2.OPTICAL MEMORY-Back up
1. Laser beam used to write or read an optical memory
2. Optical memory - a back up memory
3. Very high storage capacity.
4. Types of optical memory are:CD-ROM, CD-R (CD
Recordable), CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-R and DVD-RW.
5. CD-ROM also called compact disk ROM. Information
on CD- ROM written at the time of manufacture.
6. CD-ROM read-only type memory.
7. Size of Disc 5.25 inch diameter. 650MB CD-ROMs
available.
8. Access time is 80 ms. Data transfer rate 4800KB/s.
Track density 16000
tracks per inch.
9. CD-R/W (Read/Write) of 700 MB capacity now
available.
10. A DVD-ROM is similar to CD-ROM.
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3.Magnetic memory-Non volatile
1. Magnetic memories – Core-nonvolatile
(storing) information permanently.
2. Slower than semiconductor memory.
3. Commonly used magnetic memories: three
types: hard disks, floppy disks and tapes.
4. These are bulk storage devices.
5. They store information at a lower
cost compared to semiconductor
devices.
6. They are rotated while reading or writing
information.
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 3.Semiconductor memory-Volatile

1. Volatile memory storing

information so long as power supply is
on.
2. Two types of semiconductor memory:
RAM (random access memory) and
ROM (read only memory).
3. RAM is a read/write memory & ROM is a
permanent type memory & cannot be
written by User
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3.Semiconductor memory-Volatile-
continued
3. ROM-Read only Memory: ROM
contents not lost when power supply
goes off. User cannot write into a ROM.
ROM contents are decided by the
manufacturer and written at the time of
manufacture. Types of ROM are
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
4. Flash memory s electrically
erasable and programmable

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 Distinction between Magnetic
& Semiconductor memory
1. Non volatile memory 1. Volatile memory & non
volatile
2. Bulk Storage 2. Not a Bulk Storage
memory & cheaper memory and
3. High capacity expensive
available 3. High capacity
4. Slower than available
2 4. Faster than 1
5. Can be 5. Either R/W or
read/written R/O
6. Rotated 6. Not rotated
while writing while writing
7. Eg. RAM, ROM 11
7. Ex .Core,
 RAM
RAM, types SRAM, DRAM,
SDRAM.

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Memories in Digital Computer-RAM
1. Internal memory ( Random Access memory)
2. Random access memory, generally called
RAM the system's main memory,
3. i.e. a space that allows to temporarily store
data when a program is running.
4. Unlike a hard drive, RAM is
volatile=data erased when Power is
switched off.
5. It only stores data as long as it supplied with
electricity. Thus, each time the computer is
turned off, all the data in the memory are
irremediably erased.
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RAM

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 Features of RAM
• Store a Data in either Static RAM (the
state of a Flip Flop) or Dynamic RAM
as a Charge in
a capacitor (or transistor gate)
• A volatile memory
• RAM chips faster and compatible
to motherboard.
• RAM often used to shadow Bios ROM
to improve performance when executing
BIOS code
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RAM

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 Types of RAM
1. S-RAM used in Cache
2. D-RAM used main memory in computer
3. SD-RAM Synchronous D Ram used in
Desktop
4. C-MOS RAM for Hard disk settings
5. SVRAM-Synchronous Video RAM used
in Graphics card in Multimedia.

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 S-RAM
• S RAM-Static Random Access Memory =for
Computer Speed; flip-flop holding each bit of
memory;32 Ambit capacity .128 =4 chips of
32 M
• A CMOS Transistor memory-has 3 working
states, 1.Standby,2.Reading and 3.Writing
• SRAM-used as General Purpose Cache, SRAM
caches, hard disk buffers, router buffers, etc.
LCD screens and printers for holding the image
• D RAM-Dynamic Random Access Memory

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 Features of SRAM
• Characteristics -Due to a more complex
internal structure, SRAM less dense
than DRAM
• Clock rate and power -power-hungry

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D-RAM

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 D-RAM
• Memory cells with a paired transistor and
capacitor for constant refreshing
• DRAM mostly used in notebooks,
office printers and in routers.
• Asynchronous D RAM( as interface),
SSDRAM( in cache, in graphics adapter)
and SVRAM (Buffer in Graphics)CMOS
RAM ( for hard disc settings)

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 ROM
TYPES, PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM

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ROM-Non volatile memory
In PLC 1
PROM

For booting 2
EPROM
ROM For PC Monitor
& as a Flash 3
EAPROM

FOR Parallel
4
Computation EEPROM

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 ROM-Read Only Memory & types

1. ROM-A DTL ;Memory Lost when

supply is remote (unlike RAM) ROM-a
Non volatile memory
2. PROM-programmed memory -once
3. EA PROM-Erasable Programmable
memory thru an UV light
4. EEPROM –Electrical Erasable PROM
thru a magnetic field

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Comparison between RAM & ROM
1. Primary Storage 1. A firmware device
memory for software distbn.
2. Volatile memory- 2. Non volatile
require power memory-require no
3. All Data lost if no power
power 3. No data is lost

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ROM in BIOS

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 Types of ROM
1. PROM used in Programmable
controllers, digital panel meters, vending
machines, GPRS, Clutch brake controller
2. EPROM-
3. EAPROM-electrically alterable PROM
4. EEPROM

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 PROM
o PROMs (Programmable Read-
Only Memory) written to
(programmed) via a special device,
a PROM programmer.
o Writing often takes the form of
permanently destroying or creating
internal links (fuses or antifuses)
with the result that a PROM can only
be programmed once.

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 2.EPROM
o EPROM's (Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory) be erased by exposure to
ultraviolet light then rewritten via an EPROM
programmer.
o Repeated exposure to ultraviolet light will eventually
destroy the EPROM but it generally takes many
(greater than 1000) exposures before the EPROM
becomes unusable.
o EPROM's can be easily identified by the circular
'window' in the top which allows the UV light to enter.
o Once programmed, this window is typically covered by
• a label to prevent accidental erasure.
ROM).

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 3.EAPROM
o EAROMs (Electrically Alterable Read-
Only Memory) be modified a bit at a
time, but writing is intended to be an
infrequent operation; most of the time the
memory is used as a ROM.\
o EAROM may be used to store critical
system setup information in a non-
volatile way.
o For many applications, EAROM has
been supplanted by CMOS RAM
backed-up by a lithium battery.
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 4.EEPROM
o EEPROM such as Flash memory
(Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory) allow the entire
ROM (or selected banks of the ROM) to
be electrically erased (flashed back to
zero) then written to without taking them
out of the computer (camera, MP3
player, etc.).
o Flashing is much slower (milliseconds)
than writing to RAM (nanoseconds)
(or reading from any
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 Flash memory

• Flash memory- a compromise between

RAM-type memories and ROM memories
• Flash memory possess the non-volatility of
ROM memories while providing both read
and write access
• However, the access times of flash
memories longer than the access times
of RAM

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