MALZEME YAPISI VE

MUAYENESİ DERSİ
LABORATUAR UYGULAMASI

ÇELİK MİKROYAPILARI
Microstructure of a very-low-carbon interstitial-free steel
Cementite (arrows) at ferrite grain boundaries 0.04% C steel. 500×
Microstructure of plain carbon UNS G10150 steel showing equiaxed
ferrite grains with pearlite islands
Microstructure of a slow-cooled
UNS G10080 steel showing pearlite
islands in a ferritic matrix
Microstructure of an as-rolled microalloyed steel plate showing equiaxed
ferrite grains withbands.
Microstructure of plain carbon UNS
G10400 steel showing equiaxed
proeutectoid ferrite grains
outlining the prior-austenite grain
boundaries. The matrix is pearlite
Microstructure of plain carbon UNS G10800 steel showing colonies of pearlite.
4% picral etch.Original magnification 200×
Microstructure of pearlite colonies in plain carbon UNS G10800 steel
taken in the scanning electron microscope. 4% picral etch. Original
magnification 2000×
Microstructure of pearlite colonies in plain carbon UNS G10800 steel
taken in the scanning
electron microscope. The plates of cementite are clearly revealed. 4%
picral etch. Original magnification
10,000×
Microstructure of plain carbon UNS G10200 steel showing acicular
ferrite with some pearlite
(dark etching constituent). This type of acicular appearance is called
Widmanstätten structure. 500×
 Microstructure of 1.2% C-Fe
alloy showing cementite
outlining the prior-austenite
grain
boundaries and cementite
needles in the grains of pearlite.
The grain-boundary cementite is
called
proeutectoid cementite. This
microstructure represents a
hypereutectoid steel. 4% picral
etch. Original
magnification 200×
(a) YMK  demiri birim hücresinde karbon atomu, küpün kenarındaki geniş arayer
boşluğuna yerleşmiştir. (b) HMK  demiri birim hücresinde küpün kenar atomları
arasında daha küçük arayer boşlukları bulunur. (c) HMT birim hücre HMK birim
hücrenin karbon atomu tarafından bozulmasıyla meydana gelmektedir.
Microstructure of water-quenched low-alloy steel showing lath
martensite. 2% nital etch. Original magnification 500×
Microstructure of water-quenched UNS G10800 steel showing plate martensite.
The light regions between the martensite plates are retained austenite. 1000×
1.7 karbonlu ötektoidüstü çelikte iğnesel martenzit (a) Martenzit açık,
artık östenit koyu. (b) martenzit koyu, artık östenit açık
Fe-0.2C alloy in the (a) water-
quenched condition, followed
by tempering at 690 °C
Fe-1.2C alloy in the (a) water-
quenched condition, followed
by tempering at 690° C (1275
°F) for
(b) 1.5 × 103 s, (c) 1.03 × 104 s,
and (d) 6.05 × 105 s
Microstructure of a dual-phase sheet steel with islands
of martensite in a matrix of ferrite. 4%
picral etch. 500×
Microstructure of heat treated low-alloy steel showing bainite. 4% picral
+ 2% nital etch. Original magnification 500×
Microstructure of quenched low-alloy steel showing a bainitic
structure (granular bainite). 4% picral + 2% nital. Original
magnification 1000×
Microstructure of quenched and tempered low-alloy UNS G43400 steel showing a
mixture of bainite (dark etching constituent) and martensite (lighter gray). 4%
picral + 2% nital etch. Original magnification 500×
Effect of carburizing time on case in 0.15% C steel (0.17C-0.5Si-0.64Mn, wt
%) after slow cooling from pack carburization at 940 °C (1725 °F) for (a) 1 h,
(b) 2 h, and (c) 4 h., 500×.
Grain structure of austenitic type 316L,
solution annealed at 954 °C (1750 °F)
and etched with (a)
waterless Kalling's and (b) Beraha's tint
etch
AISI H13, heated to 1025 °C (1875 °F), air quenched, and double
tempered at 595 °C (1100 °F). 42 HRC. All martensite plus a small
amount of very fine undissolved carbide. 2% nital. 1000×
 MALZEME YAPISI VE
MUAYENESİ DERSİ
LABORATUAR UYGULAMASI

DÖKME DEMİR
MİKROYAPILARI
Hypoeutectic as-cast gray
iron (Fe-2.8%C-1.85%Si-
0.5%Mn-0.04%P-0.025%S).
Flake graphite
type A. As-polished. 100×
Hypereutectic as-cast gray
iron (Fe-3.3%C-2.75%Si-
0.88%Mn-0.42%P-
0.086%S). Flake
graphite type B. As-
polished. 90× (microscopic
examination 100×)
Hypereutectic as-cast gray
iron (Fe-4.3%C-1.5%Si-
0.5%Mn-0.12%P-0.08%S).
Flake graphite
type C (kish graphite). As-
polished. 100×
Hypereutectic as-cast gray
iron (Fe-3.4%C-3.4%Si-
0.07%Mn-0.04%P-
0.03%Cr-0.47%Cu).
Pointlike flake graphite
type D. As-polished. 100×
Hypereutectic as-cast gray
iron (Fe-2.18%C-2.49%Si-
0.7%Mn-0.06%P-0.05%S).
Flake graphite
type E. As-polished. 100×.
As-cast ductile iron. Nodular
graphite size is 100 μm. As-
polished. 100×
Ductile iron. Ferritic matrix.
The casting was annealed at
900 °C (1650 °F), held 2 h,
quick
furnace cooled to 730 °C (1345
°F), slow furnace cooled to 600
°C (1110 °F), and air cooled.
Etched with
4% nital. 100×
As-cast ductile iron. Ferritic-
pearlitic matrix. Etched with
4% nital. 100×
Nodular graphite in as-cast ductile iron examined with SEM.
Sample was deeply etched with 50% HCl. 1000×
As-cast iron with
compacted graphite (Fe-
3.7%C-2.3%Si-0.21%Mn-
0.03%P-0.01%S-
0.82%Ni-
0.02%Mg). Graphite size
is 80 to 160 μm. As
polished. 100×
As-cast iron with
compacted graphite (Fe-
2.8%C-1.9%Si-0.55%Mn-
0.04%P-0.2%S-
0.018%Mg).
Ferritic-pearlitic matrix.
Etched with 4% nital. 100×
Malleable iron (Fe-
2.95%C-1.2%Si-
0.53%Mn-0.06%P-
0.21%S-0.08%Cr-
0.10%Cu-0.07%Ni-
<0.01%Al). The casting
was annealed: at 950 °C
(1740 °F), held 10 h,
furnace cooled to 720 °C
(1330 °F),
held 16 h, and air cooled.
Pearlitic-ferritic matrix.
Etched with 4% nital.
125× (microscopic
magnification 100×)
As-cast white iron (Fe-
3.0%C-2.7%Si-0.45%Mn-
0.07%P-0.025%S). C,
cementite; P, pearlite.
Etched with 4% nital.
400×
White high-chromium
cast iron (see Fig. 43).
PC, primary carbides; EC,
eutectic carbides in
martensitic matrix with
fine, globular secondary
carbides. The casting was
heat treated at 1000 °C
(1830
°F), held 1 h, furnace
cooled to 550 °C (1020
°F), held 4 h in a 400 °C
(750 °F) salt bath, and air
cooled.
Etched with glyceregia.
1000×
As-cast gray iron (Fe-
3.33%C-1.64%Si-
0.31%Mn-1.37%P-
0.107%S). Ternary
phosphorus
eutectic. Etched with 4%
nital. 1300× (microscopic
magnification 1000×)