TODAY’S

OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the sessions, the learners are hoped and expected to be able to:

• categorize the biological molecules (lipids,

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids) according to
their structure and function
• explain the role of each biological molecule in specific
metabolic processes;
• show appreciation on the importance of biological
molecules in maintaining homeostasis and
survival of living organisms; and
HOMEWORK
 Each group will research the following about
enzymes:
• Chemical structure
• Function
• Example
• Factors affecting its activity
BIO
molecules
 The major categories of Biological molecules
are:
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids (Fats)
• Nucleic Acids
CARBO
hydrates
• The most abundant organic

compounds.
• They function as energy sources and
structural components of cells.
• Composed of C, H, and O in the ratio of
1:2:1 (CH2O)
4 CHEMICAL GROUPINGS
Monosaccharides
• Are monomers of simple sugars
• Serve as building blocks of carbohydrates and other
biomolecules
• Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides
• Composed of two molecules of simple sugar bonded
together by glycosidic bonds
• Formed through condensation process
• Examples: lactose or milk sugar, sucrose and maltose
• Common example is table sugar, sucrose.
Oligosaccharides
• Are made up of anywhere from three
to ten monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds
• Found naturally in plants
• Onions are said to be rich in oligosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
• May consist of hundreds of linked
monomers of glucose or other simple
sugars
• Examples: starch, cellulose, chitin, and
glycogen
• STARCH
- the most important nutrient reserve
- mixture of amylopectin and amylase
LIPids
• Function as energy storage
• Components of membranes
• Insulation barriers to avoid thermal,
electrical and physical shock
• As lipoprotein that facilitates the transport of
lipids in blood, as waterproof coatings and as
chemical messengers
 3 MAIN TYPES
OF LIPIDS
1.Fats and Oils
- serve as nutrient reserves in animals and plants
- contain the two basic units:
a. glycerol – a three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl
groups attached to each carbon
b. fatty acids – are long chains of carbon atoms attached
to a carboxyl group, giving them their acidic properties
2. Triglycerides
- three fatty acids are joined to one
molecule of glycerol
- consist of a glycerol molecule with
three fatty acids
- commonly found in adipose tissue,
butter, lard and olive oil
• Fatty acids come in two varieties:
a. Saturated

b. Unsaturated
3. Phospholipids
- consist of a glycerol molecule, a
phosphate group and two fatty acids
- found mainly in animal tissues
4. Steroids
- are organic compounds with four rings
arranged in a specific configuration
- examples: sterols and terpenes