Sudacad Telecomm Diploma

Telecomm Principles
 Basic Communication Model
Tx Channel Rx
 Source
 generates data to be transmitted
 Transmitter
 Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System
 Carries data
 Receiver
 Converts received signal into data
 Destination
 Takes incoming data
 Communications: Tasks
• Transmission System Utilization
• Interfacing
• Signal Generation
• Synchronization
• Exchange Management
• Error detection and correction
• Addressing and routing
• Recovery
• Message formatting
• Security
• Network Management
Primary Network Layers

Logical Network
Teletraffic

Switching Systems

Transmission Systems

Cables Radio Systems

Ducts Frequencies
Physical Network

Geography
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Large geographical area
• Crossing public rights of way
• Rely in part on common carrier circuits
• Alternative technologies
– Circuit switching
– Packet switching
– Frame relay
– Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 Switching
• Circuit Switching
– Dedicated communications path established for the
duration of the conversation, e.g. telephone network
• Packet Switching
– Data sent out of sequence
– Small chunks (packets) of data at a time
– Packets passed from node to node between source and
destination
– Used for terminal to computer and computer to
computer communications
 Local Area Network (LAN)
• Smaller scope
– Building or small campus
• Usually owned by same organization as
attached devices
• Data rates much higher
• Usually broadcast systems
• Now some switched systems and ATM are
being introduced
WAN vs LAN
 Network ownership and service type
• Private
– Owned by individual or corporation
– Restricted to owner’s use
– Typically used by large corporations
– +ve
• Complete control
– -ve
• Installation and operation costs
• Public
– Owned by a common carrier
– Individuals or corporations can subscribe
– Public refers to availability not data
– +ve
• No need for staff to install/operate network
– -ve
• Dependency on carrier
• Subscription fee
 Views on a Network
...
User View
• services! Economic View
• profit

Planner View
• long-term Network
Network
• short-term Management View
• company

Technological View
• innovation Operational View
... • quality
 Life Cycle of a Network
Idea

Study Phase

Decision

Implementation Phase

Launch

Operative Phase

Break-up
 Dynamic of a Network
Operative Phase

Motivation for a
Network Reconstruction
or Extension by: Implementation
 Growing Demand Phase of the
 High Network Cost
Network Recon-
 Technological Innovation
 Low Quality of Service struction or
 New Services Extension

New
Study Phase >>> Decision
 Basic Topologies

Ring Tree Partly-meshed

Tree with Center Stars with Centers Rings with Centers

 Protocols

• Used for communications between entities in a system

• Must speak the same language
• Entities
– User applications
– e-mail facilities
– …
• Systems
– Computers
– Remote sensors
– …
 Standards
• Required to allow for interoperability between equipment
• Advantages
– Ensures a large market for equipment and software
– Allows products from different vendors to communicate
• Disadvantages
– Freeze technology
– May be multiple standards for the same thing
 Standards Organizations
• Internet Society
• ISO
• ITU-T (formally CCITT)
• ATM forum
• ETSI
• ANSI
• IEEE
• IETF
• 3GPP
 Terms
• Service Provider (SP)
• Telecom Operator/Carrier
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Grade of Service (GoS)
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Class of Service (CoS)
• Quality of Experience (QoE)
• Network classification: access, regional, backbone, metro, core,..
• Service Level Agreement (SLA)
• Leased Line
• Jitter
• Dark Fiber: dedicated fiber link assigned for you (not shared), connecting end
points without running through a transmission network
• Short Reach (SR)
• Intermediate Reach (IR)
• Long Reach (LR) / Long Haul (LH)
• Bit Error Rate (BER)
• Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC)
• Network Operations Center (NOC)
• Operations Support System (OSS)
• Business Support System (BSS)
 Transmission Schemes
• Baseband transmission
– Uses only low frequencies
– Encodes data directly
• Broadband transmission
– Uses multiple carriers
– Can use higher frequencies
– Achieves higher throughput
– Hardware more complex and expensive
 Local loop
• Telephone terminology
• Refers to connection between
residence/business and central office
• Originally for analog POTS
– Plain Old Telephone Service
• Crosses public right-of-way
– A right of way which permits the public to travel
over it, such as a street, road, sidewalk, or footpath
 Strategic Planning
to give the network operator the answer
about
 Which Telecommunication Equipment
 in which Quantity
 at which Location
 at which Time
has to be installed in order to reach a given
strategic objective ...
 Network Management
 Configuration Management
 to manage network resources (hardware, software,
systems)
 Fault Management
 to detect and overcome failures
 Performance Management
 to measure the traffic
 to maintain quality of service
 Accounting Management
 to get the service usage data
 Security Management
 to protect against fraud application
 Load and Capacity

 Loads are a measure for the

demand that is actually realised by
Demand a network element.

 Capacities are a measure for the

maximum demand that can be
Capacity

realised by this element.

 Spare Load= capacity - Load
Load
 Utilization

(Mean) Load
Utilization =
Maximum Load

Load <=Maximum Load !!

Decimal: 0 .. 1
percentile: 0% .. 100%

0,2 0,6 1,0

20% 60% 100%
 Busy Hour (Peak Hour)
Hourly Traffic Profile

14.0
12.0
Traffic Value (Erl)

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Hour

Time section of the day of four subsequent quarter hours in which the
traffic value of a trunk group averaged over several working days
reaches its maximum.
 Measurement Unit: the Erlang
 An important measurement unit of the traffic value is Erlang (Erl)
 1 Erlang = 1 holding hour per time hour
 One service element can carry a maximum traffic value of
1 Erl, two service elements max. 2 Erl, etc.

1 Erlang: 0,1h

0,5h 0,4h
1h
= 0,5h = 0,3h
1h
1h 0,2h

1h
 Network Availability (1)

4 x 2Mbit/s
Load Sharing Protection

2 x 2Mbit/s 4 x 2Mbit/s

50% 100%

2 x 2Mbit/s 4 x 2Mbit/s
50% 100%

99.999: network should be unavailable only for 5 min/year

 Network Availability (2)
Protection
 Redundant resources are fixed and pre-assigned
 quite simple mechanisms to switch over from a failed 'working'
element to an intact 'protection' element
Restoration
 Redundant resources which are not pre-assigned and have to be
'discovered' by some network intelligence
 usually controlled by the (centralized) network management
 requires more complicated implementation than protection, but
more efficient resource management
 Protection
Dedicated Protection Shared Protection

Working Path Working Path

Protection Path Protection Path

Splitter Switch Switch (possible with Switch
1+1 1:1 additional load) N:1

possible
 very short detection time of failures extension

(< 10ms in physical media)  short detection time of failures

 very short recovery time (< 10ms in physical media)
(< 50ms in SDH and WDM)  but increased recovery time
 Transmission
• Sending an information (signals: analog or digital, electrical or
optical) from one end to another; i.e., communication
• In telecommunications, transmission is the forwarding of signal
traffic over long distances
• In general information theory transmission is taken to mean the
complete process of communication of information via a channel
• The channel
– Tx Line, Tx channel, Tx Link, Tx Medium
– Guided: Copper ( STP, UTP, simple pair,.) ,Coax, Optical Fiber,
Wave Guide.
– Unguided: water, air, space
 Data transmission: Energy Forms
• Electric current
• Audible sounds
• Omni-directional electromagnetic waves
– Radio Frequency
– InfraRed
• Directional electromagnetic waves
– Point-to-point satellite channel
– Limited broadcast (spot beam)
– Microwave
– Laser beam
 Fundamental measures
• Delay
– The amount of time required for a bit of data to
travel from one end to the other
• Throughput
– The number of bits per second that can be
transmitted
– Related to underlying hardware bandwidth
• Bandwidth
– Maximum times per second the signal can change
 Delay
• Propagation delay
– Time required for signal to travel across media
– Constant for one link, depends on distance and propagation speed
– Propagation speed depends on cable material
• , e.g., electromagnetic radiation travels through space at the
speed of light (c=3x108 m/s)
• Glass Fiber: ~200 000 km/s
• Metallic Conductor: ~ 180 000 – 240 000 km/s
• Switching delay
– Fixed or nearly constant
• Queuing delay
– Variable , depends on throughput
 Throughput-Bandwidth Relationship
• Nyquist’s theorem
– D = 2Blog2K
• D: maximum data rate
• B: hardware bandwidth
• K: number of values used to encode data
• Shannon’s Theorem
– Gives capacity in presence of noise
– C = Blog2(1 + S/N)
• C: the effective channel capacity
• B: hardware bandwidth
• S: the average signal power
• N: noise power
• S/N: signal-to-noise ratio
 Delay-Throughput Relationship
• When network idle
– Queuing delay is zero
• As load on network increases
– Queuing delay rises
• Load defined as ratio of throughput to
capacity
– Called utilization
 Delay-Utilization relationship
• Define
• D0: propagation and switching delay
• U: utilization (0 ≤ U ≤ 1)
• D: total delay
• Then
D = D0 / (1-U)
• High utilization known as congestion