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Navigational Aids - Sonar
Navigational Aids - Sonar
AIDS – SONAR
Sonar
◦ Definition
◦ Types of Sonar
SONAR
◦ Sound Navigation and Ranging
◦ are used by ships for sonic and ultrasonic, underwater detection, ranging,
sounding, and communications.
History
◦ Sound Navigation And Ranging (SONAR) developed during WW II
◦ Sound pulses emitted reflected off metal objects with characteristic ping
◦ Like radar and lidar time of flight is measured to determine distance
◦ Early sonar gave only distance and direction to target
◦ Modern sonar used for mapping
History
◦ GIS-compatible bathymetric data now available for many regions
◦ Used for geologic mapping of seafloor
◦ Search and recovery operations
◦ Environmental monitoring
Principles of SONAR
◦ Sound waves are a mechanical vibration
◦ Can only travel through an elastic medium (air, water, earth)
◦ Measured by frequency instead of wavelength (λ)
◦ How is frequency related to λ?
◦ f=v/λ
◦ V is the speed and f is frequency
◦ Usually give as cycles/second or hertz (Hz)
◦ Human hearing in the rage of 20 – 20,000 Hz
◦ Sound waves are much slower than EM radiation
◦ In water, sound travels about 1,500 m/s
◦ Speed of light is about 3 x 108 m/s
Principles
◦ Ultrasound is used in medicine and sometimes in engineering
◦ Uses frequencies of 1-15 MHz
Principles
◦ In environmental work there are three kinds of sonar
◦ Side-scan
◦ Usually in the range of 100 kHz - 400 kHz
◦ Single beam
◦ Usually at 12 kHz - 200 kHz
◦ Multibeam – to 6,000 m deep
◦ Usually at 12 kHz - 200 kHz