PRESENT PERFECT

We use the present perfect simple to talk about single completed actions and to
emphasise the result of the action.

Examples:

Sea levels have risen between 10 and 25 cm.

People have dumped huge amounts of waste into the oceans.

I have written you an email.

 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
We use the present perfect continuous to describe an action that started in the
past and continues now, and to emphasise how long it has happened.
Examples:
Sea levels have been rising for years.

People have been dumping waste into the oceans for centuries

We usually use the present perfect simple with state verbs.

Examples:
She has always loved the sea. ( She has always been loving the sea. )
The present perfect simple and present perfect continuous can often be used in the
same way, with little difference in meaning.

Examples:
I have worked here since 2008.

I have been working here since 2008.

We often use these time phrases with the present perfect simple and continuous:
already, never, yet, for and since.
 PAST SIMPLE
We use the past simple for completed actions in the past and when we specify
the time of an action.
We often use these time phrases with the past simple: ago, in + year, last
(year/week), yesterday
Examples:
Juan won the competition 5 years ago.
Peter wrote interesting books last year.

I had an accident in 2015.

We can use for and never with the past simple to refer to completed periods of
time.
 IC E
C T
R A
O P
E T
T IM
’ S
IT
O W
N
have sailed
have been
sailing
have tried

have been
trying
 have been
causing
have caused

have been
declining
have decline

have collected

have been
collecting
 have you been
have been studying
have had

have loved

have been having

have been going
 has been working
has enjoyed

have been thinking

have become

have been seeing

have seen
Thank you for your attention!