Marwadi Education Foundation Group

of Institute

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON QUICK SETTING GEO-

POLYMER CONCRETE

Dissertation Phase-2 (3730004)

Civil Engineering
(M.E. Structure)

CO-Guided by
Guided by
Presented By:- Prof. Shemal Dave
Prof. Aditya Chaturvedi
Isamaliya Pratik M Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
(181160720013) Civil Engineering Department,
Civil Engineering Department,
MEFGI, Rajkot.
MEFGI, Rajkot.
 
 
  1
 
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
• INTRODUCTION

• PROCESSES OF GEO-POLYMER

• TAGUCHI METHOD FOR GPC

• LITERATURE REVIEW

• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE AND NEED FOR STUDY

• OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

• SCOPE OF WORK

• MATERIAL

• EXPERIMENTAL WORK

• RESULTS

• REFERENCES

2
INTRODUCTION

• Concrete usage around the world is second only to water Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is
conventionally used as the primary binder to produce concrete due to its availability of the raw
material over the world its ease for preparing and fabrication in all sorts of conceivable shapes the
application of concrete in realms of infrastructure habitation and transportation has greatly promoted
the development of civilization economic progress and stability and quality of life the environmental
issues associated with the production of OPC are well known
• Portland cement releases ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere the greenhouse gas emission
from the production of Portland cement is about 1.35 billion tons anally which is about 7% of the
total greenhouse gas emission
• fly-ash is the waste material of coal based thermal power plant available abundantly but pose
disposal problem several hectors of valuable land is acquired by thermal power plant for the
disposal of fly-ash ash it is light in weight and easily fillies creates severs health problems like
asthma bronchitis etc.
• So, it become necessary to look forwarded for an alternative solution that would be geo-polymer
concrete are used as environmentally friendly
3
PROCESSES OF GEO-POLYMER

• alkaline liquid could be use to react with the silicon (Si) and the aluminum (Al) in a source of
geological origin or in by product material such as fly-ash and rice husk ash to produce
binder because the chemical reaction that take place in this case is a polymerization process
he coined the terms ‘geopolymers’ to respect this binders.
• Si-Al minerals that result in three-dimension polymeric chain ring structure consisting of Si-
O-Al-O bonds
• The alkaline liquids are form soluble alkali metals that are usually sodium or potassium based
the most common alkaline liquid used in geo-polymerization is a combination of sodium
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate or potassium silicate.

4
5
WHY TAGUCHI METHOD ?

6
TAGUCHI METHOD FOR GPC

• Many factors such as inputs and variables must be taken into consideration when making a product especially a
brand new one
• The “taguchi” method is structured approach for determining the best combination of input to produce a product
or service Based on design of experiments (DOE) methodology for determining parameter level
• Design of experiments is important tools for design process and products
• A methodology for quantitatively identifying the right input and parameter levels for making a high-quality
product or service
• Taguchi approaches design from a robust design perspective
1. Control factor: - the design parameter in product or process design they can control by
all the design process
2. Noise factor: - factors whose values are hard to control during normal process or use
condition

7
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

• Signal
  factors are set by the designer/ operator to obtain the intended value of
the response/output variable.
• Noise factors are not controlled by the designer/operator or very difficult and
expensive to control.

S/N =

8
 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (EXAMPLE)

• When a person puts his foot on the brake pedal of the car, energy is transformed
with the intent to slow car, which is the signal.
• However some of the energy is wasted by pad wear, squeal, heat etc. these are
called noise.
Slow Car

Wear
Energy
Transformation Squeal

Heat

Etc.

9
TYPES OF SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
(S/N)

Signal to
Noise Ratio

Smaller the better Larger the better

- Computer Response Nominal the best
- Test Score
time
- Strength of Material - Oil in the car
- Oil Leakage
- Cell phone battery - Workability of
- Heat Loss
life concrete
-Pollution from
- Bond strength
Automobile

10
 ORTHOGONAL ARRAY

• Taguchi has envisaged a new method of conducting the design of experiments which are based on
well defined guidelines.

• This method uses a special set of arrays called orthogonal arrays.

• These standard arrays stipulates the way of conducting the minimal number of experiments which
could give the full information of all the factors that affect the performance parameter.

• The crux of the orthogonal arrays method lies in choosing the level combinations of the input
design variables for each experiment.

11
12
LITERATURE REVIEW

(1) Review on fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete without Portland cement

Mohd Mustafa al bakri, H. Mohammed, H. Kama Rudin, I. Khairul niza, Y. Zarina

Journal of engineering and technology research vol-3 pp 1-4 January 2011

Discussion
This study manly focus on fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete also provide better resistance against
aggressive environment and elevated temperature compared to normal concrete Fly-ash based geo-polymer
concrete is better than normal concrete in many aspects such as compressive strength exposure to high
temperature

13
LITERATURE REVIEW

(2) Compressive strength of geo-polymer concrete using taguchi method

S. Nagajothi, S. Elavenil
International journal of pure and applied mathematics Vol-118No-24 2018

Discussion
This work mainly involves to reduce the Co2 emission to making of cement by using the geo-polymer
concrete and also evaluate the optimum mix by using taguchi method. The effect of all parameters was
determine using taguchi method in geo-polymer concrete the combination of 30% alternate of GGBFS 50%
alternate of M-sand and 0.40 alkaline liquid to binder ratio

14
LITERATURE REVIEW

(3) Conventional concrete over geo-polymer concrete using GGBFS

A.Pavani, J. Rakesh, P. Gopichand, P. Suvarna Raju
International journal of engineering and applied science ISSN:2394-3661 vol-3 issue-4 April 2016

Discussion
In this work considerable research has been carried out on developing of geo-polymer concrete which
involve heat curing an experimental work carried out to study the material and mixing. The geo-polymer
concrete specimens load carrying capacity is more than cement mortar specimens Workability of geo-
polymer decreases with the increasing in concentration of NaOH

15
LITERATURE REVIEW

(4) Effect of sodium hydroxide on flow and strength of fly ash based geo-polymer mortar

Subhaash V. patanka, Sanjay S. jamkar, Yuvraj M. Ghugal

Journal of structural engineering vol-39 April-May 2012 PP-7-12

Discussion
In this experiment work to carried out to study the effect of concentration of sodium hydroxide temperature
and its duration on flow and compressive strength activated liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.40 by mass was
maintained in the experimental work on basis of past research sodium silicate solution with Na 2O=16.37%
SiO2=34.35% and H2O=49.28% was considered. Higher concentration of sodium hydroxide solution result in
higher flow of fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete
Heating temperature and its duration also plays important role in the activation of geo-polymer concrete
Duration of heating temperature in range of 6to24 hours produced higher compressive strength however the
rate of gain of strength is reduced beyond 12 hours of heating

16
LITERATURE REVIEW

(5) Parametric study of geo-polymer concrete

Sandeep Hake, Pardhe Vasnt, K.S. Choudhary, Mayure kute
Asian journal of convergence in technologyISSN No-2350-1146 IF-2.71 Vol-3

Discussion
The study analysis is the effect of temperature and curing time on compressive strength split tensile strength
and flexure strength geo-polymer concrete is manufacturing by replacing cement fully with processed low
calcium fly-ash which is chemically activated by alkaline solution like Na2Sio3 and NaOH. Temperature
effect shows that the compressive strength varies with temperature the optimum curing time varies with
6,12,8,24 hours the 900C temperature shows that optimum strength in split flexure and compressive strength
in geo-polymer concrete

17
LITERATURE REVIEW

(6) Fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete

B.V. Rangan
Research report GC-4Curtin University of technology Australia 2008

Discussion
This study is based on fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete test data are used to identifying the effect of
salient factor that influence the properties of the geo-polymer concrete in the fresh and hardened states. The
report present information on heat-cured flu-ash based geo-polymer concrete low-calcium fly-ash (class-F) is
used as the source material of the Portland cement to make concrete

18
LITERATURE REVIEW

(7) Effect of water to geo-polymer binder ratio on the production of fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete
Subhash V. Patankar, Sanjay S. Jamkar, Yuwaraj M. Gugal
International journal of advanced technology in civil engineering ISSN:2231-5721, Vol-2Issue-1,2013

Discussion
Experiment work has been carried out to study the effect of water -to-geo-polymer concrete binder ratio on
workability in terms of flow and compressive strength tested after heat curing in oven 900C for 8 hours
duration Activated liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35 and concentration of NaOH&Na2SiO3. the flow of geo-
polymer concrete increases with increase in water -to-geo-polymer concrete binder ratio by changing
quantity of water Geo-polymer concrete is more and more viscous with decrease in water-to-geo-polymer
binder ratio due to reduction in quantity of water in this mix.

19
LITERATURE REVIEW

(8) Properties of fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete design by taguchi

Monita olivia , Hamid Nikraz
Elsevier research gate publication – 251540159, January -2011

Discussion
This paper present an optimization of flu-ash geo-polymer mixture by taguchi method and a study on the
mechanical properties and durability of concrete produced from the optimal mixes. The optimal flu-ash geo-
polymer concrete for used in a seawater environment has high compressive tensile and flexure strength and
low modules of elasticity drying shrinkage water- absorption and sorptivity

20
LITERATURE REVIEW

(9)Compressive strength of fly-ash geo-polymer paste design by taguchi method

Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour , Fatemeh alapour
Third international conference sustainable construction material and technology

Discussion
In this paper taguchi method was used to design of flu-ash based geo-polymer mixture oven curing
temperature sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio and concentration of its main factor . The obtained
result from this study indicate the increasing NaoH concentration from 4 to 12 molar improves the
compressive strength significantly However the effect of increasing NaoH concentration of 12 to 16 molar
on compressive strength is negligible and curing temperature more than 50 0 C

21
 Summary of literature and need for study

• After analysing past research paper it was observed that, ambient curing of GPC can be done by adding slag and
silica fumes in fly-ash based GPC
• There are several factors such as binder fraction, molar content of an alkaline solution, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio and
so on, which governs strength, workability and strength aspect of GPC.
• Usage of GPC is limited due to unavailability of guidelines for mix design.
• Therefore, need of explicit data was felt regarding standard mix design of GPC and its properties.

22
OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

• To develop mix design of different grade of ambient cured GPC using provisions
mentioned in IS 10262:2019 and optimising other governing parameters by Taguchi
method.
• To evaluate durability aspects of ambient cured GPC.

23
SCOPE OF WORK MIX
DESIGN

M25

Mix Design under scope

M30

M35

M40

24
SCOPE OF WORK

25
TAGUCHI METHOD FOR GPC
SCOPE OF WORK IN TAGUCHI
FACTORS LEVEL-1 LEVEL-2 LEVEL-3

(A) POZZOLONIC FLY-ASH 60% FLY-ASH 50% FLY-ASH 40%

BINDER
  GGBFS 30% GGBFS 40% GGBFS 50%

  SILCA-FUME 10% SILCA-FUME 10% SILCA-FUME 10%

(B) SUPER   1%   1.25   1.50%

PLASTICIZER %
(C)SOLUATION   2   2.5   3
RATIO
(D) MOLARITY   10   12   14

26
SCOPE OF WORK
L9 ORTHOGONAL ARRY OF TAGUCHI
TOTAL A B C D
T1 1 1 1 1
T2 1 2 2 2
T3 1 3 3 3
T4 2 1 2 3
T5 2 2 3 3
T6 2 3 1 2
T7 3 1 3 2
T8 3 2 1 3
T9 3 3 2 1

27
SCOPE OF WORK

TEST TYPES OF SIZE OF SPECIMENS QUANTITY

SPECIMENS
    LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT  

(1) COMPRESIVE TEST CUBE 0.15 0.15 0.15 144

(2) SPLIT TENSILE CYLINDER 0.15   - 0..3 72

(3) FLEXURE TEST BEAM 0.70 0.15 0.15 36

(4) IMPACT VALUE Cylinder 0.1 - 0.2 72

TOTAL NO OF SPECIMENS 324

28
MATERIAL

• Fly-ash
• GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag)
• Silica-fume
• Natural aggregates
• 10mm
• 20mm
• Fine aggregate (sand)
• Alkaline liquid
• Water
• Super-plasticizer

29
FLY-ASH
In this experimental work fly-ash was obtained from the stailon-energy.pvt.ltd. Coal fly ash (FA) is a by-product of
pulverized coal combustion in thermal power plants. It is removed from the exhaust of the fossil fuel power plant by
the dust collection system as a very fine spherical glassy particle before the combustion gases are released into the
atmosphere. The size of the particles is highly dependent on the type of dust collection device. The fly ash particles
have a diameter ranging from less than 1 μm to 150 μm. It is usually finer than Portland cement.

Oxide Percentage (%)

Silica (SiO2) 50
Alumina (Al2O3) 28
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 12
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 6.5
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 06
Potassium Oxide(K2O) 1.5
Sodium Oxide (Na2O) 0.2
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 0.1

30
GGBFS (Ground granulated blast furnace slag)
• Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product of manufacturing Iron, while iron
ore, limestone and coke are heated to 1500 ◦C in the blast furnace. When these materials are
melted in a blast furnace, two products are produced - Hot metal and slag. The slag is lighter and
floats on top of molten iron. molten Slag mainly includes silicate and alumina from iron ore, and
some oxides from limestone. Process of granulating the slag includes cooling the slag through a
high-pressure water jet. This causes the slag to rapidly quench and form granular particles with
maximum diameter of 5 mm. The grinding of the granulated slag is carried out in a rotary ball
mill.
PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF GGBFS
Properties Value

Physical formation Off white powder

Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1200

Specific gravity 2.9

Specific surface (m2/Kg) 425-470

31
SILICA-FUME
Silica fume, also known as micro silica powder, is an amorphous polymorph of silica. It is an ultrafine
powder collected as a by-product of the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloy, and is composed of
spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 150 nm. The main application area is the high-
performance concrete volcanic ash material. The silicon powder is an ultrafine material having spherical
particles having a diameter of less than 1 μm and an average of about 0.15 μm. This makes it about 100
times smaller than the average cement particles.

A B C

(A)fly-ash (B) GGBFS (C) silica-fume

32
Natural aggregates
Ingredients of cement concrete are aggregate sand, cement, water. Among them coarse and fine
aggregate are consumed 75% of total volume of concrete and sustain effective load. So, it compulsory to
check the all the properties of aggregate. Here representing the physical properties of the aggregate
which was used in this experimental work.
In this experimental work 10mm 20mm coarse aggregate are used which is locally available in market.
to determine particle size distribution and find out the sp. Gravity water absorption of the aggregate all
the result is shown in below table
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Of 10mm Aggregate

Weight Value
(1) sample weight (W1) 500gm

(2) aggregates + Boatel + water(W2) 1840gm

(3) boatel + water (W3) 1513gm

(4) surface saturated dry weight (W4) 503gm

(5) oven dry weight (W5) 504.5gm

Specific gravity 2.825 33

Natural aggregates

• 
Specific gravity = Water absorption = = 0.6%
=
= 2.825
Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Sand

Weight Value
Weight of bottle 464gm
Sample weight (A) 700gm
Sample+ bottle+ water (B) 1935gm
Bottle + water (C) 1513.5gm
Oven dry weight (D) 695gm
Specific gravity 2.5
Water absorption 0.72%

34
Aggregate Impact Value Test

Weight Value
Weight of sample 2278gm
Weight of oven dried sample (A) 381gm
Weight of friction passing in 2.36mm sieve 35gm
(B)
Aggregate impact value 9.186%

 
Impact value = *100

=*100 (aggregate impact value=9.186%)

Aggregate impact value test conducting on MEFGI laboratory

35
aggregate crushing value
Weight Value
Weight of sample (W1) 2749gm
Weight of 2.36 retain 2370gm
Weight of 2.36 pass (W2) 554gm
Load taken by sample 402.5KN
Aggregate crushing value 20.15%
 
Aggregate crushing value = *100

= *100

= 20.15%

Aggregate crushing value test conducting on MEFGI laboratory

36
Sieve Analysis
Sample weight (10mm) 2Kg
Sieve size Mass retained Cumulative %
(1)12.5mm 4gm 4 0.2%
(2)10mm 129.5gm 133.5 6.68%
(3)4.75mm 1790gm 1923.5 96.27%
(4)2.36mm 69.5gm 1993 99.75%
(5) pan 5gm 1998 100%
Total 1998gm 1998gm 302.9%
12.5mm
 Finance =
=3.029 10mm

4.75mm

2.36mm

Sieve analysis value test conducting on MEFGI laboratory 37

Sieve Analysis
Sample weight 2Kg
Sieve size Mass retained Cumulative %
(1)40mm 0 gm 0 0%
(2)20mm 916 gm 916 45.8%
(3)12.5mm 1012 gm 1928 96.4%
(4)10mm 65 gm 1993 99.65%

(5)4.75mm 0 gm 1993 99.65%

 Finance =
(6)2.36mm 0 gm 1933 99.65% =6.408
(7)1.18mm 0 gm 1933 99.65%

(8) PAN 7 gm 2000 100%

Total 2000 gm 2000 gm 640.8%

38
Sieve Analysis

40mm

20mm
12.5mm
10mm

4.75mm

2.36mm

1.18mm Sieve analysis value test conducting on MEFGI laboratory

39
Alkaline Liquid
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) are used as activators, NaOH was in dry condition

diluted in water with 14M concentration and Na2SiO3 ingredients are (14.7%) Na2O, (29.4%) SiO2, (55.9%)

H2O. According to literature, CaO reacts with NaOH quickly and makes the concrete dense early, so the amount
of NaOH solution in geo-polymer concrete be as low as better to allow workers mix the material properly and
place it patiently. Therefore, due to presence of CaO in GGBFS ratio of Na 2SiO3/ NaOH has been taken equal to
three.
NaOH
N2SiO3

40
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Preparation of Activators: Sodium hydroxide solution prepared and mixed with sodium silicate 24 hours
before casting day.
Weighing of Materials: All ingredients are weight according to calculated values which are from mix design
value
Mixing of Dry Materials: All dry materials mixed with each other by hand then activator added
Adding of Activators: Activator solution added in three steps and also some water used to obtain desired
consistency between aggregate and binder
Preparation and Casting of Molds: before mixing cylinder and cube molds cleaned properly and oiled by
Greece then after making of concrete, sex cubes and sex cylinders were casted in two and three layers
respectively.
Compaction Method: vibration machine is used for the compaction of concrete
Curing: Specimens demolded after 24 hours and cured in ambient temperature of laboratory for 7 th day
Testing of Specimens: Three cubes and three cylinders tested after 7th day for compressive and tensile
strength. The results are shown o

41
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

Preparations of solution and mixing of dry materials

42
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

Batching of concrete and compaction of block

43
RESULTS
Slump Test Grade of
M25 M30 M35
concrete
T1 200mm 120mm 160mm
T2 240mm 110mm 170mm
T3 190mm 130mm 190mm
T4 200mm 125mm 140mm
T5 205mm 140mm 150mm
T6 210mm 180mm 180mm
T7 60mm 190mm 190mm
T8 190mm 150mm 160mm
Apparatus for slump test T9 60mm 160mm 210mm
Result of slump test

44
RESULTS

Process of slump test

45
Taguchi analysis of slump M25 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise Graphs for M25 GPC

46
Taguchi analysis of slump M30 Grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise Graphs for M30 GPC

47
Taguchi analysis of slump M35 Grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise Graphs for M35 GPC

48
Compressive Strength Test

49
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

Grade of concrete M25 Compressive Strength (7-days)

No of Trials
34.03
T1
29.335
T2
31.055
T3
32.465
T4
27.01
T5
30.395
T6
33.755
T7
39.525
T8Compressive Test Result M25 GPC
25.7
T9 50
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
M25 GPC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (7-DAY)
45

40 39.525

35 34.03 33.755
32.465
31.055 30.395
30 29.335
27.01
25.7
25

20

15

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Compressive-Mix Trial M25 GPC

51
Taguchi analysis of compressive strength M25 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M25 Compressive Strength

52
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

Grade of concrete M30 Compressive Strength (7-days)

No of Trials
T1 41.94
T2 48.44
T3 50.9
T4 53.56
T5 48.78
T6 50.6
T7 48.41
T8 47.4GPC
Compressive Test Result M30
T9 46.91 53
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H2) (N /M M
M30 GPC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (7DAYS)
60
53.56
50.9 50.6
48.44 48.78 48.41 47.4 46.91

41.94
40

20

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Compressive-Mix Trial M30GPC

54
Taguchi analysis of compressive strength M30 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M30 Compressive Strength

55
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

Grade of concrete M35 Compressive Strength (7-days)

No of Trials
T1 50.16
T2 50.9
T3 53.42
T4 55.23
T5 53.56
T6 47.75
T7 16.95
T8 34.74
Compressive Test Result M30 GPC
T9 17.02 56
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H2) (N /M M
M35 GPC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (7DAYS)
60
55.23
53.42 53.56
50.16 50.9
47.75

40
34.74

20
16.95 17.02

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Compressive-Mix Trial M35GPC

57
Taguchi analysis of compressive strength M35 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M35 Compressive Strength

58
COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULT

Process of Compressive Strength

59
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

60
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

Grade of Concrete M25 Split Tensile Strength (7-days)

No of Trials
T1 1.312102
T2 2.314933
T3 2.145081
T4 2.591649
T5 1.773531
T6 2.394197
T7 2.004954
T8 2.498938
T9 2.053079

Split Tensile Strength Result M25 GPC

61
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

S P L IT T E N S IL E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
M25 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (7-DAY)
3.0

2.59
2.50
2.5 2.39
2.31
2.15
2.00 2.05
2.0
1.77

1.5
1.31

1.0

0.5

0.0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Split Tensile Strength -Mix Trial M25GPC

62
Taguchi analysis of Split-Tensile strength M25 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M25Split-Tensile Strength

63
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

Grade of Concrete M30 Split Tensile Strength (7-days)

No of Trials
T1 2.15
T2 3.05
T3 2.7
T4 3.08
T5 2.96
T6 2.6
T7 2.51
T8 2.42
T9 2.56

Split Tensile Strength Result M30 GPC

64
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

S P L IT T E N S IL E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
M30 GPC SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (7-DAY)
3.5

3.05 3.08
3.0 2.96

2.7
2.6 2.56
2.51
2.5 2.42

2.15
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Split Tensile Strength -Mix Trial M30GPC

65
Taguchi analysis of Split-Tensile strength M30 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M30 Split-Tensile Strength

66
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

Grade of Concrete M35 Split Tensile Strength (7-days)

No of Trials
T1 1.312102
T2 2.314933
T3 2.145081
T4 2.591649
T5 1.773531
T6 2.394197
T7 2.004954
T8 2.498938
T9 2.053079

Split Tensile Strength Result M35 GPC

67
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

S P L IT T E N S IL E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
M35 GPC SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH (7-DAY)
3.0

2.59
2.50
2.5 2.39
2.31
2.15
2.00 2.05
2.0
1.77

1.5
1.31

1.0

0.5

0.0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Split Tensile Strength -Mix Trial M35GPC

68
Taguchi analysis of Split-Tensile strength M35 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M35 Split-Tensile Strength

69
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULT

Process of Split-Tensile Strength

70
Rebound Hammer Test

71
Rebound Hammer Strength Result

Grade of Rebound Rebound Quality of

Concrete Hammer Hammer concrete
M25 No Strength (7-
No of days)
Trials

T1 25 25 FAIR
T2 23 23 FAIR
T3 22 18 FAIR
T4 26 25 FAIR
T5 23 23 FAIR
T6 20 16 FAIR
T7 21 17 FAIR
T8 Rebound Hammer Result M25 GPC
25 25 FAIR 72
Rebound Hammer Strength Result

C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
REBOUND HAMMER RESULT M25 (7-DAY)

25 25 25
25
23 23

20
18
17 17
16
15

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Compressive-Mix Trial M25 GPC

73
Taguchi analysis of Rebound Hammer strength M25 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M25 Rebound Hammer Strength

74
Rebound Hammer Strength Result

Grade of Rebound Rebound Quality of

Concrete Hammer Hammer concrete
M30 No Strength (7-
No of days)
Trials

T1 27 26 FAIR
T2 29 30 FAIR
T3 27 26 FAIR
T4 29 30 FAIR
T5 26 25 FAIR
T6 23 23 FAIR
T7 28 29 FAIR
T8 Rebound Hammer Result M30 GPC
28 29 FAIR 75
Rebound Hammer Strength Result

C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
REBOUND HAMMER RESULT M30 (7-DAY)

30 30
30 29 29 29

26 26
25
25
23

20

15

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Compressive-Mix Trial M30 GPC

76
Taguchi analysis of Rebound Hammer strength M30 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M30 Rebound Hammer Strength

77
Rebound Hammer Strength Result
Grade of Rebound Rebound Quality of
Concrete Hammer Hammer concrete
M35 No Strength (7-
No of days)
Trials

T1 26 25 FAIR
T2 29 30 FAIR
T3 29 30 FAIR
T4 31 32 Good surface
T5 31 32 Good surface
T6 32 34 Good surface
T7 31 32 Good surface
T8 29 Hammer Result
Rebound 30 M35 GPC FAIR
78
T9 32 34 Good surface
Rebound Hammer Strength Result

C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H2) (N /m m
REBOUND HAMMER RESULT M30 (7-DAY)

30 30
30 29 29 29

26 26
25
25
23

20

15

10

0
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
MIX TRIAL

Compressive-Mix Trial M30 GPC

79
Taguchi analysis of Rebound Hammer strength M35 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M35 Rebound Hammer Strength

80
Rebound Hammer Strength Result

Process of Rebound Hammer Strength

81
Ultra-Sonic -Pulse Velocity Test

82
UPV Result

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY M-25 GRADE OF CONCRETE

Ultrasonic pulse velocity
NO-OF TRIALS Concrete quality
(M/S)
T1 4334.5 GOOD
T2 4407 GOOD
T3 4179 GOOD
T4 4630.5 EXCELLENT
T5 4065 GOOD
T6 4446 GOOD
T7 4235 GOOD
T8 4331 GOOD
T9 4295 GOOD

UPV Result M25 GPC

83
UPV Result

ULTRA SONIC PULSE VELOSITY M25

4700

4630.5
4600
V e lo s ity (m /s )
4500
4446

4400 4407

4334.5 4331
4300 4295

4235
4200
4179

4100
4065

4000
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 --
Mix Trial

Velocity-Mix Trial M25 GPC

84
Taguchi analysis of UPV strength M25 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M25 UPV

85
UPV Result

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY M-30 GRADE OF CONCRETE

Ultrasonic pulse velocity
NO-OF TRIALS Concrete quality
(M/S)
T1 4267.5 GOOD
T2 4492 GOOD
T3 4298.5 GOOD
T4 4525 GOOD
T5 4151 GOOD
T6 4161.5 GOOD
T7 4090 GOOD
T8 4525 GOOD
T9 4167.5 GOOD

UPV Result M30 GPC

86
UPV Result

ULTRA SONIC PULSE VELOSITY M30

4700

4600
V e lo s ity (m /s ) 4525 4525
4500 4492

4400

4300 4298.5
4267.5

4200
4161.5 4167.5
4151

4100 4090

4000
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 --
Mix Trial

Velocity-Mix Trial M30 GPC

87
Taguchi analysis of UPV strength M30 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M30 UPV

88
UPV Result

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY M-35 GRADE OF CONCRETE

Ultrasonic pulse velocity
NO-OF TRIALS Concrete quality
(M/S)
T1 4798 GOOD
T2 4039.5 GOOD
T3 4238 GOOD
T4 4238 GOOD
T5 4360 GOOD
T6 4238 GOOD
T7 4113 GOOD
T8 4405.5 GOOD
T9 4364 GOOD

UPV Result M35 GPC

89
UPV Result

4900 ULTRA SONIC PULSE VELOSITY M35

4800 4798

4700

V e lo s ity (m /s )
4600

4500

4400 4405.5
4360 4364
4300
4238 4238 4238
4200

4100 4113
4039.5
4000

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 --
Mix Trial

Velocity-Mix Trial M35 GPC

90
Taguchi analysis of UPV strength M35 grade of concrete

Signal-to-noise M35 UPV

91
UPV Test

Process of UPV Testing

92
DISCUSSION

93
 DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION ON M25 GRADE OF GPC

Optimum variation is finding out by using the taguchi method as below

In M25 grade effective factor for compressive strength is “D” That is molarity, means that if molarity increasing
compressive strength also increasing. Secondary effective parameter is C, B & A that is if we need better result of
compressive strength trial mix as follows D, C, B, A:

Molarity 14, solution ratio 2, plasticizer 1%, binder content fly-ash 50%, GGBFS 40%, Silica-fume 10%

DISCUSSION ON M30 GRADE OF GPC

In M30 grade effective factor for compressive strength is “D” That is binder content, means that if binder content
increasing compressive strength also increasing. Secondary effective parameter is

A, C, B that is if we need better result of compressive strength trial mix as follows D, A, C, B:

Binder content Fly-ash 55%, GGBFS 35%, Silica-fume 10%, Molarity 14, Plasticizer 1.50% Solution ratio 3
94
DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION ON M35 GRADE OF GPC

In M35 grade effective factor for compressive strength is “A” That is binder content, means that if binder content
increasing compressive strength also increasing. Secondary effective parameter is

C, B, D that is if we need better result of compressive strength trial mix as follows A, C, B, D:

Binder content Fly-ash 50%, GGBFS 40%, Silica-fume 10%, Solution ratio 2.5, Plasticizer 1.50%

Molarity 14

95
CONCLUSION

96
CONCLUSION
The proposed mix design by the taguchi method to obtained target mean strength showed good agreement
with the experimental evaluation of specimens of geo-polymer concrete prepared in according to guide line of
IS10262:2019 code requirement.

The L9 Orthogonal array of taguchi method found satisfactory and valid for predicting the optimum mixture
of the constitute however to explore furthermore no of factor with varying level are suggested for specific
design strength of geo-polymer concrete.

The design mix derived by taguchi method and prepared as per the guide line means in IS10262:2019 full fill
the experimental evaluation requirement.

97
FUTURE SCOPE

98
FUTURE SCOPE

Form the above work on geo-polymer concrete with taguchi method following work could be suggested

 L27 array can be used for the more effective geo-polymer mix design in taguchi method
 Find out the method for increasing the setting time of geo-polymer concrete
 To Also used the K2SiO3/KOH Ratio and compared between Na2SiO3/NaOH solution
Also compared geo-polymer concrete with normal concrete

99
REFERENCES
1. J. V. D. l. Van jaarsveld, "The potential use of Geopolymeric materals to immobilise toxic metal," Theroy and
application Minerals Engineering , vol. 1, pp. 659-669, 2008.

2. V. P. SUBHASH, S. J. SANJAY and M. G. YUWRAJ, "EFFECT OF WATER TO GEO-POLYMER BINDER

RATIO ON THE PRODUCTION OF FLY-ASH BASED GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE," INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, vol. 2, no. 2231-5721, 2013.

3. V. P. SUBHASH, S. J. SANJAY and M. G. YUVRAJ, "EFFECT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE ON FLOW AND

STRENGTH OF FLY-ASH BASED GEO-POLYER MORTA," JOURNAL OF STRUCTURE ENGINEERING,
vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 7-12, 2012.

4. Shaik usman and M. Rajesh Kumar, "Strength study on geo-polymer concrete by using fly-ash and quarry dust,"
AIJREAS , vol. 2, 2017.

5. D. D. D. Sandeep Hake, "EFFECT OF TEMPRASTURE AND CURING TYPE ON GEO-POLYMER

CONCRETE," International Journal of Advance Reaserch in science and Engineer.

6. H. SANDEEP, V. PARDHE, L. PRAVIN , S. C. K and K. MAYUR , "PARAMETRIC STUDY OF GEO-

POLYMER CONCRETE," ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONVERGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY , vol. 3, no. 2350-1146.

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REFERENCES

7. N. S and E. S, "COMPRESIVE STRENGTH OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE USING TAGUCHI

METHOD," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS, vol. 118,
2018.

8. B. Rangan, "Fly-ash based geo-polymer concrete," Curtin University of technology, 2008.

9. S. R. U. Petra christin, "On The Devlopment of fly-ash based Geo-polymer concrete," Researchgate,
Vols. -, no. 10 jualy 2017, p. 4, 2017.

10. B. D. T. D. V. T. Nguen van Chanh, "An Experimental Investigation on Geo-polymer concrete," ACF
international confereance , Vols. -, no. jualy 2008, pp. 235-241, 2008.

11. O. MONITA and N. HAMID , "PROPERTIES OF FLY-ASH GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE

DESIGN BY TAGUCHI METHOD," MATERIALS AND DESIGN, 2011.

12. P. Mehta, "Greening of the concrete industry for sustainable Devlopment," ACI concrete international
, vol. 7, no. 2002, pp. 24-28, 2002.

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REFERENCES

13. R. McCaffery, "Climate Change and the cement indstury," Global cement and lime magazine , pp. 15-19,
2002.

14. j. Davidovit, "High-Alkaliy cement for 21st Century concrete in concrete technology," ACI SP-144, no.
1994, pp. 383-397, 1994.

15. M. M. A. BAKRI, M. H, K. H, K. N. I and Z. Y, "REVIEW ON FLY-ASH BASED GEO-POLYMER

CONCRETE WITHOUT PORTLAND CEMENT," JOURNAL OF ENGGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, pp. 1-4, 2011.

16. Anuar K.A Ridzuan, "Strngth Charctristic of geo-polymer concrete containing recycled concrete
aggregate," international journal of civil & environmental engineering , vol. 11, no. February 2011, pp.
81-85, 2011.

17. A, P. A, R. J, G. P and S. P, "CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE OVER GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE

USING GGBF," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES, vol.
3, no. 4, 2016.

102
Indian Standard codes
1. IS 10262-1982, “Recommended guide line for concrete mix design”, Fifth Reprint March 1998

2. IS 516-1959, “Method of testing for strength of concrete”, Edition 1, 2 Reprint 1999

3. IS 5816-1999, “Split Tensile Strength of concrete -Method of testing”, First Revision July 1999

4. IS 10262-2009, “Concrete Mix Portioning Guide Line”, First Revision July 2009

5. IS 2386 (part-III)-1963, “Method of testing for Aggregate for concrete”

6. IS383-1970, “Specification for coarse and Fine Aggregate from Nature Source for concrete”.

103
Thank You

104