Refrigeration

Basics
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Lesson Objectives:

• Prepare for more advanced topics.

• Learn the basic formulas & concepts for refrigeration.
• Learn how ice refrigeration works.
• Answer sample problems.

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Ice Refrigeration

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Refrigeration Basics: Ice Refrigeration

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Refrigeration Basics: Sensible & Latent Heat
Latent Heat
of Vaporization
Gas Phase
Latent Heat
of Fusion
Liquid Phase

Solid Phase

Ice Steam
Ice Water Steam
Water Water

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Refrigeration Basics: Formulas
 
Q = mCp(Δ t)

Q = Heat either absorbed or rejected by the substance. (J, kJ)

m = Mass of the substance being cooled. (kg, tons)
Cp = Specific heat capacity of the substance. ()
t = temperature of the substance. (°C, K)

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Refrigeration Basics: Formulas

From the 1st law of thermodynamics:

Ein = Eout

Q = mLf
 

Lf = Latent heat of fusion()

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About Specific Heat Capacity, C:

Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of heat energy that can be

absorbed or rejected by a working medium per (Δ t). It is very important
in refrigeration or cooling in general because it will determine the
effectiveness of a cooling system.

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About Specific Heat Capacity, C:

For example, you have a gaming computer that is liquid cooled and you
can’t change the flow rate., a cooling medium with high specific heat
capacity will benefit you because it can absorb and release high amounts of
heat energy per rise or drop in temperature.

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Sample Problems

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Sample Problem #1

3 tons of beef will be cooled from 30℃ to -5℃ using

ice. The freezing point of beef is -1.5℃ and the initial
temperature of the ice is -10℃. How much ice will be
used to cool the beef?

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Given:
   
Cp of ice = 2.108 Cp of beef(above freezing) = 2.85
Cp of water = 4.187 Cp of beef(below freezing) = 2.01

Note: Beef has different Specific Heat Capacities

based on its condition.

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Given:
 

Ti of ice = -10℃ Ti of beef = 30℃

Tf of ice = ?
Tf of beef = -5℃
Tfrz of ice= 0℃
Tfrz of beef= -1.5℃
Mice = ?
Mbeef = 3 tons
Lf of water = 334

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Solution:
Ein=Eout

Mbeef (Cp)(Ti -Tfrz) + Mbeef

Above freezing
(Cp)(Tfrz - Tf) = Mice(Cp)(Ti -Tfrz)
Below freezing

Simplify:
Mbeef [(Cp af)(Ti -Tfrz) + (Cp bf)(Tfrz - Tf)] = Mice [(Cp ice)(Ti -Tfrz)]

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Solution:

 
Mice=

 
Mice= = 13777.5 kg

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Sample Problem #2

500 kg of strawberries will be chilled from 27℃ to 5℃

using ice. Will 100 kg of ice at -2℃ be enough to cool
down the strawberries?

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Given:
 
Cp of ice = 2.108
Cp of water = 4.187

 
Cp of strawberries= 3.98

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Ti of ice = -10℃
Ti of strawberries = 27℃
Tf of ice = ?
Tf of strawberries = 5℃
Tfrz of ice= 0℃
Mstrawberries = 500kg
Mice = 100kg

Lf of water = 334

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Solution:

Ein=Eout

Mstrawb(Cp)(Ti -Tf) = Mice(CpIce

)(Ti -Tfrz) + M
ice ->L +
water
ice f M ice(C p)(T
Water - T )
frz f

Simplify:

Mstrawb (Cp)(Ti -Tf)= Mice [(Cp ice)(Ti -Tfrz) + Lf + (Cp water)(Tfrz - Tf)]

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Mice=

 
Mice= = 121.899 kg

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Sample Problem #3

How much time in hours will it take to cool 4 tons of

water from 33℃ to -10℃ using 180W cooler with 87%
efficiency?

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Given:
   
Ti of H2O = 33℃ Cp of ice = 2.108
Cp of water = 4.187
Tf of H2O = -10℃

Tfrz of H2O= 0℃
η = 87%
MH2O = 4000kg
Pi=180W
Lf of water = 334
Po=?
t=?
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Solution:
 
Ein=Eout

=η --> Po=η(Pi)

E = Pot

η(Pi)t = MH2O(CpWater
)(Ti -Tfrz) + MiceH2O
-> L
f + MH2O(Cp)(Tfrz - Tf)
water Ice

Simplify:
η(Pi)t = MH2O[(Cp water)(Ti -Tfrz) + Lf + (Cp ice)(Tfrz - Tf)]

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Solution:

 
0.87(180W)()()t = 4000kg[(4.187)(33)K + 334 + (2.108)(10)K]

 
0.1566(t) = 1973 004 kJ

 
t = = 3499.723 hours

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Next topic: p-h diagram

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Refrigeration Basics: P-H diagram

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Refrigeration Basics: P-H diagram

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Refrigeration Basics: P-H diagram

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Simple Saturation
Cycle

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Refrigeration Basics: P-H diagram

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