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Literature Overview: Plumbing Services Fire Safety Vertical Transportation
Literature Overview: Plumbing Services Fire Safety Vertical Transportation
PLUMBING SERVICES
FIRE SAFETY
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
Compiled by ,
AR.SELVENDIRAN
ER.SHRAVAN KUMAR
PROJECT MANAGEMENT AR.VARSHINI
PLUMBING SERVICES
INTRODUCTION :
•Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital is one of the Tertiary Care Hospital committed to deliver
scientific modern medical care to the society with International standards at an affordable
cost.
•The Hospital is pioneered not only in advanced scientific management of diseases but
•The Hospital is pioneered not only in advanced scientific management of diseases but also
in equipping with modern technologically advanced Gadgets
INAGURATED:
PHASE I: 2005
PHASE II: 2013
SITE AREA: 2.5 Acres
BUILT UP AREA:
Phase I=basements+Ground+3 floors.(6310 Sqm) =
Phase II = Ground + 4 floors(28948Sqm)
WORKING TIME: 24 HOURS
NO.OF VISITORS: 400/ day
PROJECT TEAM:
Architect: Sarath C Kanth
Consultancy Services: Jehovah king Consultants Service
Consultants: Phase I= TTS
Consultants Phase II =SR Associates
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
• Source of water
• Water storage
• Water supply
• Drainage
• Sanitation
• Solid waste management
The origin of all sources of water is rainfall. Water
can be collected as it falls as rain before it reaches
the ground; or as surface water when it flows over
the ground or is pooled in lakes or ponds; or as
ground water when it percolates into the ground
and flows or collects as ground water; or from the
sea into which it finally flows.
DISTRIBUTION Riser
DEAD END SYSTEM RESERVOIRS
pipe
RADIAL MAIN
S
SYSTEM
WATER SUPPLY/
BRANCHES SUB-MAINS
Riser
DISTRIBUTION
MAINS Pipe 1. Dead End
2. Grid Iron
3. Circular
CUT OFF 4. Radial SOURCE OF WATER
VALVES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
Water Storage :
In case water is available in the city mains at
sufficient pressure and quantity
throughout the day to rise upto the highest
floor, no storage will be necessary at all and
all fixtures could be supplied directly But it is
usually not so. Storage of water within a
premises is thus necessary,
a) to tide over period of intermittent supply
b) to provide for interruption of the supply
from the main itself, caused by various
reasons like repairs in the system, failure of
power etc.
c) to meet the peak flow requirements
within a building if the city mains do not
meet it.
d) to maintain a storage for fire fighting
requirement of the building.
The storage capacity required for a building
depends on hours of public supply,
pressure in the mains, demand pattern in
the building and the fire fighting need.
Water
storage is usually done in underground tank
or tanks at the ground level or overhead
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT AS PER BUILDING TYPE tanks.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
•Water for the domestic purpose is proposed WATER SUPPLY AS PER STANDARDS:
to be outsourced since the ground water is •Arrangements shall be made to supply 10000
extremely blackish. litres of portable water per day to meet all the
•As per standards for an Hospital Building if the requirements (including laundry) except fire
capacity exceeds than 100 beds then the water fighting.
requirement is 450 ltrs per bed •Storage capacity for 2 days requirements should
be on the basis of the
• KMH is 500 bedded capacity Hospital : above consumption.
•Round the clock water supply shall be made
•Therefore @ 450 ltr per bed considering available to all wards and departments of the
500 Beds, the daily requirement of water will be hospital.
225000 ltr per day for beds alone. •Separate reserve emergency overhead tank shall
•Approximately no of visitors = 400/day be provided for operation theatre.
So considering 15 liters per head= 400x15 ltr •Necessary water storage overhead tanks with
Total = 6000 ltr pumping/boosting
•Total consumption of water per day is 231000ltr. arrangement shall be made.
•For hospital needs it is advisable to have • The laying and distribution of the water supply
2 days storage which will be 462000 lit.
system shall be according to the provisions of IS
•And the requirement of water storage capacity
2065.
With an UG storage will be 5,00,000 Lit capacity
SOURCE: BIS
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
PHASE I
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
PHASE II
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Communication pipes
• Consumer pipes
• Joints
• Backflow prevention method and
device used.
• Barometric loop
• Air gap
• Atmosphere vacuum breaker
• Pressure vacuum breaker
• Double check valve
• Reduced pressure
backflow device. DIRECT PUMPING OVERHEAD TANKS HYDRO-PNEUMATIC
SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND PIPE WORK:
The piping systems to distribute the water within the building through the
different fixtures must be designed to provide uniform flows and pressure in all
areas and floors within certain practical limitations.
The SIZES OF PIPES depend on:
a) maximum rate of discharge required;
b) length of pipes;
c) head loss due to friction in that length and
d) roughness of the interior surface of the pipe.
e) Available pressure
f) Piping material
g) Select design velocity
h) Elevation differences
i) Developed length to most remote fixture.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
HOT WATER SUPPLY
• Heating system
– Electric storage heater
– Gas water heater
– Solar heating system
– Centralized hot water system
• Storage system (capacity, location)
• Pipeline locations
• Materials used for pipes and storage vessels
• Appliances
• Cold water inlet to heaters
Disinfection of inlet water
• Method and chemicals used for disinfection
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
Toilet common to serve two such rooms shall be 5.25 square meter to comprise a bath, a
WC in separate cubicle and a wash basin. For multiple beds of a ward unit, requirement of
fitments are given below:
SOURCE: NBC
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
ITEM NUMBERS REQUIRED
Water closets •1 for every 8beds or part thereof (male)
•1 for every 6 beds or part thereof (female)
Ablution taps •1 for each water closet plus
•1 water tap with drainage arrangement in the vicinity of water
closet
Urinals •1 for every 12 beds or part thereof (for male only)
Bed pan washing •1for each ward in dirty utility and sluice room
sinks
Cleaner’s sinks and •1for each ward in dirty utility and sluice room
sinks/ slab for
cleaning
mackintosh
PHASE II
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
ZOOM IN WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE PIPELINE FOR ONE OF THE SHAFTS
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED FOR
MATERIALS FOR PIPES HOT WATER SUPPLY
Pipes may be of any of the following materials:
a) cast iron, vertically cast or centrifugally (spun) cast, In general tinned copper and other
b) steel (internally lined or coated with bitumen or a bituminous metals such as monel metal etc are
composition, and out-coated with cement concrete or mortar, where suitable for most types of water. The
necessary), suitability of galvanized mild steel for
c) reinforced concrete, storage tanks depends upon the pH
d) prestressed concrete, value of the water and the extent of its
e) galvanized mild steel tubes, temporary hardness. For values of pH
f) copper, 7.2 or less, galvanized mild steel
g) brass, should not be used. For values of pH
h) wrought iron, 7.3 and above, it can be used
j) asbestos cement,
k) polyethylene,
l) unplasticized PVC,
m) chlorinated PVC, or
n) stainless steel.
The material chosen shall be resistant to corrosion,
both inside and outside or shall be suitably protected against corrosion.
Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes shall not be installed near
hot water pipes or near any other heat sources. For temperature
limitations in the use of polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes to
convey water, reference may be made to good practice
TYPES OF VALVES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
DETAIL OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM & DRAINAGE SYSTEM
LEGEND:
A-Domestic water supply stack, C-Hot water supply, D–Hot water return stack, E-Flush water supply stack
1-110 mm diauPVCsoil stack 4-110 mm dia u PVC soil pipe 13-Health faucet
2-75 mm diauPVCwaste stack 6-75mm dia u PVC waste pipe 19-Deep seal Multi way Floor Trap
3-75 mm diauPVCvent stack 9-European water closet
12-Shower
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Harvesting in urban areas
System of rain water harvesting
In urban areas with the rainfall limited during the monsoon
Rain water pipes , roof gutters etc.
period (usually from 15-90 days) roof top rain-water cannot
be stored and used as mentioned above and is best used for
recharging the ground water. For individual properties and
plots the roof top rainwater should be diverted to existing
open or abandoned tubewells. In a well planned building
complex the system should be laid out so that the runoff is
discharged in bore-wells as per designs specified by the
Central Ground Water Board of the Government of India.
For roof top rain water harvesting in hilly areas reference
may be made to good practice.
c) Each structure/well shall have an inlet chamber with a silt trap to prevent any silt from finding its way into the
sub-soil water.
d) The wells should be terminated at least 5 m above the natural static sub-soil water at its highest level so that
the incoming flow passes through the natural ground condition and prevents contamination hazards.
e) No recharge structure or a well shall be used for drawing water for any purpose.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
DRAINAGE AND SANITATION
Waste water disposal
• Determine the type of system used for
collection of waste water
– Two pipe system -
– One pipe system
• Single stack system.
• Types and number of sanitary appliances
– Soil appliances
– Waste appliances
• Materials used ONE PIPE SYSTEM
• Types of fittings
• Ventilating pipes
• Gradient
• Traps
Waste disposal systems-
– Type •It combines collection, processing and disposal all in
– Size one system:
•the shredded food waste moves from the collection
Waste appliances stations to the wet waste collection system using low
• Wash basin pressure suction
• Washthrough • once there the food waste is prepared for further
• Sink treatment and to allow easy removal by recycling
• Bathtub companies, by extracting its moisture.
• Drinking fountain
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
Drainage and Sanitation:
•The design, construction and maintenance of drains for waste water, surface water, sub-soil water and
sewerage shall be in accordance with IS 1742.
•The selection, installation and maintenance of sanitary appliances shall be in accordance with IS 2064.
•The design and installation of soil, waste and ventilating pipes shall be as given in IS 5329.
Waste Disposal System:
•The guidelines provided by Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests shall
be followed.
SANITARY FITTINGS
All fittings required in house drainage for efficient collection and removal of sewage from the house to
the drain
• Bath tubs
• Flushing cistern
• Sink
• Urinal
• Water closet (WC)
• Wash basins etc.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
TRAPS
Depressed or bent sanitary fitting which is always filled with water
Contains water seal- measured as the vertical distance between crown and dip (25-75mm)
Prevent the passage of foul air or gases but allows sewage to pass through
Effectiveness depends on depth of water seal
Requirements for traps
• Easily cleaned
• Easily fixed
• Free from inside projections
• Simple construction
• Smooth surfaces
Classification of traps:
• P- trap : Has the shape of “P”. The legs of the trap are at right angles
• Q- trap : The legs meet at an acute angle
• S- Trap: Has the shape of “S”. The legs of the trap are parallel
Gully trap:
• Forms the starting point of horizontal flow of sewage
• Situated near external face of wall
• Leads the sewage to inspection chambers, manholes or sewers.
Floor trap:
• Provided as points of exit of waste water in the house
• Placed in bathrooms, kitchens etc.
• Forms the starting point of waste water flow
• Also known as nahni trap
Intercepting trap:
• Provided in the last manhole
• Conveys sewage from house to the public sewer
• Also known as interceptor or disconnecting trap
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
VENTS
Ventilating pipes should be so installed that water can not be retained in them. They
should be fixed vertically. Whenever possible, horizontal runs should be avoided.
Ventilating pipe shall be carried to such a height and in such a position as to afford by
means of the open end of such pipe or vent shaft, a safe outlet for foul air with the least
possible nuisance.
The ventilating pipe shall always be taken to a point 1500 mm above the level of the
eaves or flat roof or terrace parapet whichever is higher or the top of any window within
a horizontal distance of 3 m.
Size of ventilating pipe
a) The building drain ventilating pipe shall be of not less than 75 mm diameter when,
however, it is used as MSP or MWP. The upper portion, which does not carry
discharges, shall not be of lesser diameter than the remaining portion;
b) The diameter of the main ventilating pipe in any case should not be less than 50 mm;
c) A branch ventilating pipe on a waste pipe in both one-and two-pipe systems shall be
of not less than two-thirds the diameter of the branch waste ventilated pipe; subject
to a minimum of 25 mm; and
d) A branch ventilating pipe on a soil pipe in both Pipe systems shall be not less than 32
mm diameter.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
MANHOLES
• Type of manhole
• Spacing of manholes
• Size of manholes The size of manhole covers shall be such that there shall be a clear opening of at least
• Materials used 500 mm in diameter for manholes exceeding 0.90 m in depth. The frame of manhole
• Size of manhole shall be firmly embedded to concrete alignment and level in plain concrete on the top
• Manhole cover of masonry.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES Waste disposal systems
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT • Chute system
• Box and can system
• Trench or pit system
• Chemical latrines
• Water borne sanitation system
– Sewange laying
– Septic tank
– Seepage pit
– Sewage treatment plant
Support and protection of pipes
• Joints
• Bedding
• Surrounding or encasing
• Connection to existing sewers
• SEPARATE SYSTEM
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM • PARTIALLY SEPARATED SYSTEM
The Biological system is based on suspended
• COMBINED SYSTEM
Growth biological system, popularly known as
Activated sludge process. The system has been • SOLIDS-FREE SYSTEM
designed with aeration process with sludge • OPEN CHANNELS AND DRAINS SYSTEM
Recycle. • VACUUM SYSTEM
• PRESSURISED SYSTEM
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
MAINTENANCE
• Cleaning of Drainage System
– Cleaning method
– Safety measures followed
• Maintenance of
– Pipelines
– Gullies
– Traps
– Storage units etc.
Solid waste management
• Refuse Chute System
– Opening or feeding of the refuse chute chamber
– Refuse collection chamber
– Material of chute
– Size of trolley
– Dumb waiter
• Shutters used
• Sorting of garbage to remove toxic matters
• Treatment by vermi composting
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES
PLUMBING SERVICES
The following operations shall be carried out during periodical cleaning of a drainage system.
• The covers of inspection chambers and manholes shall be removed and the side benching
and channels scrubbed;
• The interceptive trap, if fitted, shall be adequately cleaned and flushed with clean water.
Care shall be taken to see that the stopper in the rodding arm is securely replaced;
• Any defects revealed as a result of inspection or test shall be made good;
• The covers or inspection chambers and gullies shall be replaced, bedding them in suitable
grease or other materials; and
• Painting of ladders/rings in deep manholes and external painting of manhole covers shall
be done with approved paints.
• allow no smoking or open flames and guard against parks.
• erect warning signs.
• use only safety gas-proof, electric lighting equipment.
• test the atmosphere for noxious gases and oxygen deficiencies (presence of hydrogen
sulphide is detected using lead acetate paper and that of oxygen by safety lamps).
• if the atmosphere is normal, workmen may enter with a safety belt attached and with two
men available at the top. For extended jobs, the gas tests shall be repeated at frequent
intervals, depending on circumstances.
• if oxygen deficiency or noxious gas is found, the structure shall be ventilated with pure air
by keeping open at least one manhole cover each on upstream and downstream side for
quick exit of toxic gases or by artificial means. The gas tests shall be repeated and the
atmosphere cleared before entering. Adequate ventilation shall be maintained during this
work and the tests repeated frequently.
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LITERATURE OVERVIEW – BUILDING SERVICES