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Teorem Divergensi
Teorem Divergensi
VECTOR CALCULUS
VECTOR CALCULUS
16.9
The Divergence Theorem
∫ F ⋅n ds = ∫∫div F ( x , y ) dA
C
D
Let:
E be a simple solid region and let S be
the boundary surface of E, given with positive
(outward) orientation.
F be a vector field whose component functions
have continuous partial derivatives on an open
region that contains E.
Then,
∫∫F ⋅dS = ∫∫∫div FdV
S E
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
Let F = P i + Q j + R k
∂P ∂Q ∂R
Then, div F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Hence, ∫∫∫div F dV
E
∂P ∂Q ∂R
= ∫∫∫ dV + ∫∫∫ dV + ∫∫∫ dV
E
∂x E
∂y E
∂z
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
∫∫ F ⋅dS = ∫∫ F ⋅n dS
S S
= ∫∫ (P i + Q j + R k )⋅n dS
S
= ∫∫ P i ⋅n dS + ∫∫ Q j ⋅n dS + ∫∫ R k ⋅n dS
S S S
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof—Eqns. 2-4
∂Q
∫S∫Q j⋅n dS = ∫∫
E
∫∂y
dV
∂R
∫S∫R k ⋅n dS = ∫∫
E
∫∂z
dV
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
E=
{(x, y, z )(x, y )∈ D, u (x, y )≤ z ≤ u
1 2 (x, y )}
∂R ⎡ u2 (x , y )∂R ⎤
∫∫∫ dV = ∫∫ ⎢∫ ( )
(x , y , z )dz ⎥ dA
E
∂z D ⎣
u1 x , y ∂z ⎦
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof—Equation 5
∂R
∫∫∫
E
∂z
dV
= ∫∫ ⎡
⎣R (x , y , u 2 (x , y )
) − R (x , y , u1 (x , y )
)⎤
⎦ dA
D
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
Thus,
∫∫R k ⋅n dS
S3
= ∫∫0 dS = 0
S3
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof—Equation 6
So, we multiply
by –1:
∫∫ R k ⋅n dS =
S1
∫∫ R k ⋅n dS
S
= ∫∫ ⎡
⎣R (x , y , u 2 (x , y )
) − R (x , y , u1 (x , y )
)⎤
⎦ dA
D
THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM Proof
4π
= V (B )= π ()
3
1 =
4
3
3
DIVERGENCE Example 2
Evaluate ∫∫F ⋅d S
S
where:
F(x, y, z) = xy i + (y2 + exz2) j + sin(xy) k
S is the surface of
the region E bounded
by the parabolic
cylinder z = 1 – x2
and the planes
z = 0, y = 0, y + z = 2
DIVERGENCE Example 2
Then, we have:
∫∫F ⋅dS
S
= ∫∫∫div F dV
E
= ∫∫∫3 y dV
E
1 1−x 2 2 −z
= 3∫ ∫ ∫ y dy dz dx
−1 0 0
DIVERGENCE Example 2
(2 − z ) dz dx
2
2
1 1− x
= 3∫ ∫
−1 0 2
1− x 2
⎡ (2 − z )⎤
3
3 1
= ∫ ⎢− ⎥ dx
2 −1 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
0
= ∫∫ F ⋅n dS
S
= ∫∫ F ⋅(−n1 )dS + ∫∫ F ⋅n 2 dS
S1 S2
= −∫∫ F ⋅ dS + ∫∫ F ⋅ dS
S1 S2
APPLICATIONS—ELECTRIC FIELD
= ∫∫E ⋅dS
S1
= ∫∫E ⋅n dS
S2
APPLICATIONS—ELECTRIC FIELD
Therefore.
εQ ⎛ x ⎞ εQ εQ εQ
E ⋅n = 3 x⋅⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ = x ⋅x = 2 =
⎝x⎠ x
4 2
x x a
Thus, we have:
εQ
∫∫S E ⋅dS = ∫∫S E ⋅n dS = a 2 ∫∫S dS
2 1 1
εQ
= 2 A (S1 )
a
εQ 2
= 2 4π a
a
= 4πε Q
APPLICATIONS—ELECTRIC FIELD
Suppose:
P0(x0, y0, z0) is a point in the fluid.
Ba is a ball with center P0 and very small
radius a.
1
div F (P0 )= lim ∫∫ F ⋅ dS
a →0 V (Ba )Sa
SOURCE AND SINK