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Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (Ppok)
Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (Ppok)
(PPOK )
· Pendahuluan
· Definisi
· Penyebab/Faktor risiko
· Patogenesis
· Patologi
· Diagnosis
· Diagnosis banding
· Penatalaksanaan
· Penyulit
· Pencegahan
· Prognosis
Definisi
Penyakit yg ditandai:
· Hambatan aliran udara
· Tidak reversibel/reversibel parsial
· Progresif
· Respons inflamasi abnormal paru
· Partikel noxiuos atau gas
PENYAKIT PARU OBSTRUKSI KRONIK (PPOK)
FAKTOR RISIKO
1.Faktor host : a. genetik
b. BHR
2. Faktor lingkungan : a. asap tembakau
b. Occupational dust &chemical
c. Polusi udara
d. infeksi
e. status sosial
PATHOGENESIS OF COPD
PARTICLE
PARTICLE
NOXIOUS
GASES
GASES
HOST FACTORS
ANTI OXIDANTS
[ environmental ]
LUNG INFLAMMATION
REPAIR REPAIR
MECHANISM MECHANISM
COPD ASTHMA
Onset early in life (often childhood)
Onset in mid-life
Symptoms vary from day to day
Symptoms slowly
Symptoms worse at night/early
progressive morning
Long smoking history Allergy, rhinitis, and/or eczema also
present
Family history of asthma
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Definisi
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Mekanisme
Socio-economic
status
Aging Populations
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Diagnosis PPOK
GEJALA PAPARAN DARI FAKTOR RISIKO
Sesak napas Tembakau
Batuk kronis Pekerjaan
Sputum Polusi indoor/outdoor
SPIROMETRI :
Dibutuhkan untuk
menegakkan diagnosis
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Spirometry in COPD
Diagnosis
0
FEV1 FVC F E V 1/ F V C
N o rm a l 4 .1 5 0 5 .2 0 0 80 %
1 COPD 2 .3 5 0 3 .9 0 0 60 %
2
FEV1
L iter
3
COPD
4 FVC
FEV1
5 N o rm al
FVC
1 2 3 4 5 6 S e c o nd s
Spirometri: Penyakit Obstruktif
Setelah pemberian bronkodilator didapatkan nilai FEV1/FVC <0,70
5 Normal
4
Volume, liters
FVC
3
FEV1 = 1.8L
2 FEV1 FVC = 3.2L Obstruktif
FEV1/FVC = 0.56
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time, seconds
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Menilai gejala
Menilai tingkat pembatasan aliran udara
menggunakan spirometri
Menilai risiko eksaserbasi
Menilai komorbiditas
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Penilaian PPOK
1. Menilai gejala → khas PPOK : irreversibel – reversibel partial
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
A CXRs are seldom diagnostic, it can be useful for excluding other diseases
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Saya sesak napas apabila berjalan cepat pada saat menaiki anak
mMRC Grade 1 tangga atau jalanan yang sedikit berbukit
Saya berjalan lebih lambat daripada orang seusia saya pada saat
menaiki anak tangga karena sesak napas, atau
mMRC Grade 2
Saya harus berhenti untuk menarik napas ketika berjalan menaiki anak
tangga dengan kecepatan saya sendiri
Saya berhenti untuk menarik napas setelah berjalan sekitar 100 meter
mMRC Grade 3
atau setelah beberapa menit menaiki anak tangga
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Penilaian PPOK
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Penilaian PPOK
3. Menilai risiko eksaserbasi
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Pembagian Pasien PPOK
FEV1 < 30% Pasien : Pasien :
(Klasifikasi GOLD Pembatasan aliran udara)
prediksi
Risiko tinggi Risiko tinggi
4 Sedikit gejala Banyak gejala
≥2
atau
≥1
(Riwayat Eksaserbasi)
30% ≤ FEV1 < 50%
dirawat di
prediksi
(C) (D) Rumah sakit
3
Risiko
Risiko
FEV1 ≥ 80%
prediksi (A) (B)
1 0
CAT < 10 CAT ≥ 10
mMRC 0–1
Gejala mMRC ≥ 2
CAT : COPD assessment test
Sesak Napas
mMRC : modified medical research council
FEV1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated 2015). Available from
www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Global Strategy for The Diagnosis, Management, And Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (updated
2015). Available from www.goldcopd.org. Accessed on March 01, 2015. © 2014 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Penatalaksanaan PPOK
Modalitas terapi :
1. Edukasi
2. Obat obatan : - Bronkodilator beta 2 agonis,
- Anti kolnergis,
- Derifat santin
- Kortikosteroid (bila ada indikasi)
- Mukolitik
3. Oksigenasi dengan dosis dan indikasi tepat.
4. Ventilator
5. Rehabilitasi medik
6. Pembedahan
◘ Empat komponen penatalaksanaan PPOK :
1. Penilaian & monitor penyakit
2. Mengurangi faktor risiko
3. Mengelola PPOK stabil yaitu :
a. Penyuluhan
b. Obat obatan
c. Pengobatan non farmakologik
4. Pengelolaan eksaserbasi
Menghilangkan gejala
Mengurangi
Meningkatkan toleransi latihan gejala
Referensi : 1. Donaldson et al. Thorax. 2002;57:847 – 52. 2. Donaldson et al. Eur Respir J. 2003;22: 931 – 6. 3. Seemungal et al. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med. 1998 ; 157 : 1418 – 22. 4. Groenewegen et al.Chest. 2003 ; 124 : 459 – 67. 5. Restrepo et al. Eur Respir J. 2006; 28 : 346 - 351.
Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
Berhenti merokok
(Riwayat Eksaserbasi)
30% ≤ FEV1 < 50%
dirawat di
prediksi atau dan/atau Rumah sakit
3 LAMA LAMA
Risiko
Risiko
50% ≤ FEV1 < 50% A B
prediksi Risiko rendah Risiko rendah 1 (tidak dirawat