Metrology and Quality

Assurance
Submitted to: Engr. Shahid Farooq
Prepared by: Faisal Maqsood
Enrollment No: 2017-ME-527
Computer Aided Quality Control
(CAQC)
 Computer-aided quality control is when computers are
used to inspect and test products that are being
manufactured.

 It allows for a digital inspection of the quality of the

products being produced.
 The use of the computers for quality control of the product is
called as the computer aided quality control or CAQC.
This includes:

 Measuring the equipment and its management/handling

 Producing a vendor rating
 Conducting a goods inward inspection
 Creating an attribute chart
 Putting in place statistical process control (SPC)
 Producing necessary documentation.
 Objectives of the CAQC

 To improve the quality of the product

 Increase the productivity in the inspection process
 Reduce the lead times in manufacturing

The implementation of CAQC in the company results in the

major change in the way the process of quality control is
carried out in the company.
To ensure the objectives

Following aspects are considered:

 Quality of Design- Several factors that influence the design

quality are Choice of right materials, Design involving
minimum number of parts, Use of standardization and variety
reduction, Economic use of materials
 Selection of appropriate process and equipment
 Choice of equipment
 Training of personnel
Major parts of CAQC

The two major parts of computer aided quality control are

 Computer aided inspection (CAI)

 Computer aided testing (CAT)
 CAI & CAT

 The two major parts of quality control are inspection and

testing, which are traditionally performed manually with
the help of gages, measuring devices and the testing
apparatus.
 CAI and CAT are performed by using the latest computer
automation and sensor technology.
 CAI and CAT are the standalone systems and without them
the full potential of CAQC cannot be achieved.
Inspection and Testing

 Inspection is normally used to examine whether a product

confirms to the design standards specified for it. For a
component, this would be probably concerned with the
dimensions, surface texture and tolerances specified for
the part.
 Testing is a significant stage of work in product
development to prove capability of the product. Testing is
normally associated with functional aspect of item, and is
often directed at the final product rather than its
components.
Automated Inspection

 Automated inspection can be defined as the automation

of one or more of the steps involved in the inspection
procedure.
 There are a number of alternative ways in which
automated or semi-automated inspection can be
implemented:
1. Automated examination and decision by an automatic
inspection machine, with manual loading
(presentation) of parts into the machine.
2. Completely automated inspection system in which
parts presentation, examination, and decision are all
performed automatically.
3. Automated presentation of parts by an automatic
handling system with a human operator still performing
the examination and decision steps.
Where and when to inspect

 Inspection can be performed at any of several places in

production:
1. Receiving inspection, when raw materials and parts
are received from suppliers.
2. At various stages of manufacture, and
3. Before shipment to the customer.
Off-Line and On-Line Inspection

 The timing of the inspection procedure in relation to the

manufacturing process is an important consideration in
quality control.

 Two alternative situations can be distinguished:

1. Off-line inspection.
2. On-line inspection.
Off-Line Inspection

 Off-line inspection is performed away from the

manufacturing process, and there is generally a time delay
between processing and inspection.
 Manual inspection is common.
On-Line Inspection

 The alternative to off-line inspection is on-line inspection, in

which the procedure is performed when the parts are made,
either as
 An integral step in the processing or assembly operation, or
 Immediately afterward.

 Two on-line inspection procedures can be distinguished:

 On-line/in-process.
 On-line/post-process.
On-Line/ in-process Inspection

 The is achieved by performing the inspection procedure

during the manufacturing operation.
 As the parts are being made, the inspection procedure is
measuring or gaging the parts simultaneously.
On-Line/ in-process Inspection

 The measurement or gaging procedure is accomplished

immediately following the production process.
Contact vs. Non-contact Inspection
Techniques
 Inspection techniques can be divided into two broad
categories:
1. Contact Inspection.
2. Non-contact Inspection.
 In contact inspection, physical contact is made between
the object and the measuring or gaging instrument.
 In non-contact inspection no physical contact is made.
Contact Inspection Techniques

 The principal contact technologies are:

 Conventional measuring and gaging instruments,
manual and automated.
 Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs)
 Stylus type surface texture measuring machines
Coordinate Measuring Machines
 A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an
electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate
metrology.
Coordinate Measuring Machines
 To accomplish measurements in 3D, a basic CMM is
composed of the following components:
 Probe head and probe to contact the work part
surface.
 Mechanical structure that provides motion of the probe
in three Cartesian axes and displacement transducers
to measure the coordinate values of each axis.
CMM Mechanical Structure

(a) Cantilever (b) Moving bridge (c) Fixed bridge

CMM Mechanical Structure

(d) Horizontal Arm (e) Gantry (f) Column

Why is it important?

 Save time
 Streamlining
 Economical
 100% perfection
 Data harvesting
Advantages of Computer Aided Quality
Control or CAQC
 100% testing and inspection
 Inspection integrated with manufacturing process
 Use of non-contact sensors
 Computerized feedback control system
 Computer aided quality control and CAD/CAM integration