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Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
S O U R C E O F WAT E R S U P P LY
Ty p e s o f Wa t e r S o u rc e s
Wells: Are artificial holes or pits vertically excavated for bringing ground water to
the surface.
i. Shallow wells: may be large diameter hand dug wells (diameter 1-4m) and depth
<20m. Or machine drilled wells of small diameter (diameter 8-60cm) and depth
<60m.
ii. Deep wells: are most large, deep, high-capacity wells constructed by drilling rig.
Construction can be accomplished by cable tool method or rotary method.
Drilling rigs are capable of drilling wells 8 to 60cm in diameter and depth <
600m.
iii. Infiltration Gallery: is a horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnel which is constructed
through water bearing strata.
It is sometimes referred as horizontal well.
S e l e c t i o n o f w a t e r s u p p l y s o u rc e s
• Involves:
Steady Flow -Confined Aquifers
Steady Flow -Unconfined Aquifers
Unsteady Flow -Confined Aquifers
Unsteady Flow -Unconfined Aquifers
Determination of yields of wells
A) Shallow wells:
The yields of an open well can be determined by the
following two tests
1) Constant level test (pumping test)
the water level is depressed by some head (H).Then the
rate of pumping is adjusted in such a way that the water
level remains constant in the well. At this time, the rate
of pumping is equal to the rate of yield from the well.
From Darcy’s Law, V = Ki = KH/L • A = Cross-Sectional area of permeable Layer
through which water
• I = Hydraulic gradient
• H = Depression head
Where Q = Discharge
2) Recuperation Test
In this test, the water from the well is pumped to a depression head H1 and
the pumping is stopped. The water level is rises due to the ground water flow.
The rate of yield may be calculated from the Expression assumed below;
• H1 = Depression head when pumping was stopped.
• H2 = Depression head after a certain period
• T = Time taken by the water level to rise from H1 to H2
• H = Depression head at time t
• ∆H = Decrease in depression head in time ∆t
Determination of yield of tube well (Deep well)
for K we get:
Estimate;
(a) The permeability of the aquifer, K
(b) The transmissibility of the aquifer, T
(c) The drawdown at the pumping well, sw
Solution…#Example
Given;
s2
s1 = 5.0 m and r1 = 30 m, s1
s2 = 4.0 m and r2 = 90 m, sw
H = 25 m (saturated thickness of H
unconfined aquifer)
ℎ1 = 𝐻 − 1 = 25 − 5 m = 20 m
ℎ2 = 𝐻 − 25 − 4 m = 21 m
2 =
The discharge is
liter 1 m3 1 min Note:
= 2100 × × = 0.035 m3/s
min 1000 liter 60 s 1 m3 = 1000 liter
Thus, the drawdown at the pumping well is
Assumptions:
• The aquifer is confined.
• The aquifer has infinite aerial extent.
• The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic and uniform
thickness.
• The piezometric surface is horizontal prior to pumping.
• The aquifer is pumped at a constant discharge rate.
• The well penetrates the full thickness of the aquifer and thus
receives water by horizontal flow.
Determination of yield of tube well: Confined Aquifer
• If the aquifer is confined, the cylinder has height h = b,
and Darcy’s Equation for flow
can be integrated for a solution for r and h:
Confined Aquifer: Solve for T
• If we solve
B = 35 m (saturated thickness
of confined aquifer)
The discharge is
liter 1 m3 1 min
= 2000 × × = 0.0333 m3/s Note:
min 1000 liter 60 s
1 m3 = 1000 liter
#Example 2
The discharge from a fully penetrating well
confinedoperating
aquifer under
of 30 steady state in ais 2100 liter/min. The drawdowns
m thickness
observed at two observation wells located at 15 m and 150 m from the well
are 3.2 m and 0.28 m respectively. Determine the transmissibility and the
permeability of the aquifer.
Ground surface
Pre-pumping
head
Pumping
sw
B h2
2
aquifer
Solution…#Example 2
Given;
s1 = 3.2 m and r1 = 15 m,
s2 = 0.28 m and r2 = 150 m,
B = 30 m (saturated thickness
of confined aquifer)
The discharge is
liter
1 m3 1 min
= 2100 × × = 0.035 m3/s Note:
min 1000 liter 60 s
1 m3 = 1000 liter
#Example 3
m 1 day 1 hr 1 min
𝐾 = 45 × × × = 5.208 × 10−4 m/s
day 24 hr 60 min 60 s