ELE290_CHP 5

CHAPTER 5

DC MACHINES
MOTOR & GENERATOR

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5.0 INTRODUCTION

DC machine can be divided into:

i. DC generator – generate DC voltage and supply current to the load. Convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
ii. DC motor – required DC supply to operate; convert electrical energy into rotational
mechanical energy.

5.1 DC CONSTRUCTION

Consist of two main parts:

i. Stator as the non-rotating part
ii. Rotor @ armature as the rotating part

Rotating part connected to a shaft that couples the machine to its mechanical load. The
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shaft and rotor are supported by bearings so that they can rotate freely.
5.2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

Comprise four principal components

Field
Armature
Commutator
Brushes

Figure1: DC machine construction

5.2 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
1) Field  Equivalent of a stator in an AC motor .
2) Armature  Functions as the rotor.
3) Brushes  Act as contacts between an external power source and the
commutator.
 Ride the commutator .
4) Commutator  Regulates current flow in the armature coils, allowing it to
flow in one direction only.
 Each segment of the commutator is directly connected to an
armature coil, so the commutator rotates with the armature .

5.3 ADVANTAGES OF A DC MACHINE

i. Provide excellent speed control for acceleration and deceleration with effective and simple
torque control
- power supply of a DC motor connects directly to the field of the motor allows for
precise voltage control, which is necessary with speed and torque control
applications

ii. Perform better than AC motors on most traction equipment

- used for mobile equipment like golf carts, quarry and mining equipment
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iii. Conveniently portable and well suited to special applications, such as industrial tools and
machinery.
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5.4 APPLICATION OF DC MACHINE

i. Low inertia motor- for leg carriage and cardboard cut- off machines
ii. Electric battery powered road vehicles
iii. Machine tools
iv. Paper machine pumps
v. Fork lift truck motors

5.5 MACHINE WINDINGS

Machine winding is divided into two:

i) Armature winding
-Winding in which a voltage is induced. Located on the rotor.
-carries a current having an amplitude that depends on the mechanical power produced.
ii) Field winding
-Winding that produced the main magnetic flux in the machine. Located on the stator.
-to set up the magnetic field in the machine.

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 Machine Windings

Armature winding
Field Winding

Separately Self wave lap

excited excited connection connection

Series Compound
excitation excitation

Shunt
excitation

Figure 2 : Winding connection In DC machine

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5.6 Separately Excited Field Winding

There is no connection between armature circuit and the field circuit.

The schematic diagram is illustrated in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3 (a) : Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc motor

VT = Terminal voltage RF = Field Resistance

EC = Counter EMF/back EMF RA = Armature resistance
IA = Armature Current IF = Field current

IF =VF/RF
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VT = EC+IARA
IL = I A
5.6 Separately Excited Field Winding

Figure 3(b) : Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc generator

VT =Terminal voltage RF = Field Resistance

EA =Armature voltage /generated EMF RA = Armature resistance
IA =Armature Current IF = Field current

IF =VF/RF
VT =EA-IARA
I L = IA 9
5.7 Self Excited Field Winding

There is a direct connection between armature circuit and the field current.
Three types of excitation method, namely;
a. Series Excitation – the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding.
b. Shunt Excitation – the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding.
c. Compound excitation – the field winding are connected in series and parallel with the
armature winding.

Note that the difference between dc motor and dc generator is in terms of the current
direction.
 In DC generator: IA is supplied by the armature
 In DC motor: IA is received by the armature

Note:
EA / EG= Armature voltage /generated EMF (for DC generator)
EC =Counter EMF/back EMF (for DC motor)

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5.71 DC Series Excitation
EA=VT+IA(RA+RF)

Figure 4(a) : Equivalent circuit of a series excitation dc generator

EC=VT - IA(RA+RF)

Figure 4(b) : Equivalent circuit of a series excitation dc motor

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5.72 DC Shunt Excitation

EA =VT+IA(RA)
VT = IFRF
IA= IF+IL

Figure 5(a) : Equivalent circuit of a shunt excitation dc generator

EC = VT - IA(RA)
VT = IFRF
IA= IL - IF

Figure 5(b) : Equivalent circuit of a shunt excitation dc motor 12

5.72 DC Compound Excitation
EA=VT+IA(RA+RS)
VT=IFRF
IA=IF+IL

Figure 6(a) : Equivalent circuit of a compound excitation dc generator

EC=VT - IA(RA+RS)
VT=IFRF
IA=IL - IF

Figure 6(b) : Equivalent circuit of a compound excitation dc motor

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5.8 The Losses in DC Machines

The losses that occur in DC machines can represented in the Power Flow Diagram (PFD).

PFD is normally represented as a fish bone, where it illustrates the power flow in the machine from the input
part into the output part. The branches indicate the losses that present in the machine
Input power = Output power + Losses

Losses

Copper Losses
Iron Losses
Mechanical
Armature Loss
Copper Loss,
Field
IA2RA Friction Windage
Copper Loss,
I F 2 RF Stray

Figure 7 : Losses in DC Machines

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5.81 Power Flow Diagram For DC Series Excitation

Pconv = EAIA = indm

Pin
Pin
Pout = VTIL

Copper losses
Mechanical losses Stray losses

Figure 8(a) : PFD of a series excitation dc generator

Pconv = EAIA = indm

Pin = VTIL
Pout= outm

Copper losses Mechanical losses Stray losses

Figure 8(b) : PFD of a series excitation dc motor

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5.82 Power Flow Diagram For DC Shunt Excitation

Pconv = EAIA = indm

Pin
Pin
Pout = VTIL

Copper losses
Mechanical losses Stray losses

Figure 9(a) : PFD of a shunt excitation dc generator

Pconv = EAIA = indm

Pin = VTIL
Pout= outm

Copper losses Mechanical Stray losses

losses

Figure 9(b) : PFD of a shunt excitation dc motor 16

5.83 Power Flow Diagram For DC Compound Excitation

Pconv = EAIA = indm

Pin
Pin
Pout = VTIL

Copper losses
Mechanical losses Stray losses

Figure 10(a) : PFD of a compound excitation dc generator

Pconv = EAIA = indm

Pin = VTIL
Pout= outm

Copper losses Mechanical losses Stray losses

Figure 5.10(b) PFD of a compound excitation dc motor

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5.9 Motor Torque

The developed mechanical torque is:

Pdev 60 Pdev
Tdev  
m 2N

T= torque in Nm
w=2лN/60
w=motor speed in rad/s
N=speed in rev/min(rpm)

The load torque @ shaft torque @ output torque is:

Pout 60 Pout
Tout  
m 2N
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5.10 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency is defined as:

Pout
 100%
Pin

 For DC generator
Pout VT I L
 
Pin VT I L  total _ losses

 For DC motor

Pout Pdev  P
 
Pin VT I L
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