Conclusion

Of

CRF
• Symptom
-hemopoesis disorders:
• anaemic uremia toxin retention
eritropoetin deficiency
-gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting,
stomatitis, fetor uremikum, Hiccup
-skin : pale, itchy, uremic frost, easy
bruishing
- neurology: seizures caused by electrolyte
imbalance, uremic
- cardiopulmonary: hypertension, pericarditis,
coronary heart
Sampling:
Urine : 24 hour urine collection
Serum
METODE OF CRF:
Jafe method (creatinie serum)
creatinine clearance test
Urease method (Ureum test)
Biuret method (Protein serum)
Parameter :
Ureum increased > 50 mg/dL
Creatinine increased more than 2 times the normal value in at
least month
CCT  dicreased< 75 mL / minute
haemoglobin  dicreased < 10 g/dL
Management’s CRF
1.Dietary Guidelines
Maintain the optimal body condition
Consume animal protein
Restriction :
- salt restriction
2. Treatment for Kidey Failure
Dialysis
Kidney Transplantation
Medicines
O
F
• Can have many causes :
– Non viral infection Drugs , Toxins , Alcohol
– viral infections (A, B, C, D, E, G)

Hepatitis term
• Acute Hepatitis
• Chronic Hepatitis
 Symptoms of hepatitis
• symptoms of hepatitis in hepatitis A, B, C, D,
E, G same
likes as Easily Tired, Anorexia, jaundice,
Nausea & vomiting, darks urine & pale stools
• the differences are :* incubation period
* convalescent period
* type of viruses
* the severity of hepatitis
• Sample required : serum
• The recommended method : colorimetric enzymatic
method
• The recommended hepatitis examination :
ALT -> SGPT
AST -> SGOT
ALT most important and specific tests than AST

Parameter :
• SGOT  more than 3 times normal value
(normal SI: 0.18–0.78 mckat/L)
• SGPT  more than 3 times normal value
(normal SI : 0.12–0.88 mckat/L )
 Management care
Treatment
• Hepatits A and E
• Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and take several
weeks or months.
• Hepatitis B and D
interferon and anti-viral agents
• Hepatitis C and G
a combination of interferon and ribavin for a period of 16 to 72 weeks
depending on your individual case.
Prevention
• Immunization
• maintain your personal hygiene
• Doing a healthy and safe sex
• using a sterile syringe and not used repeatedly
 Conclusion
of
Diabetes Melitus
 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
 a metabolic disease that mostly hereditary, as a
result of the lack of effective insulin in the body,
the primary disorder lies in carbohydrate
metabolism which is usually accompanied also
fat and protein metabolism disorders

Dangerous  complication
○ Retinopathy diabeticum
○ Nephropathy diabeticum
○ Neuropathy diabeticum
○ Coronary heart disease
○ Peripheral vascular disease
Symptoms :
polyphagia, Polydipsia,Polyuria,
Hyperglikemia,Weight loss, Tingling or
numbness in the hands or feet

• Test : Fasting Glucose

• 2 Hour PP Glucose
• GTTO ( Glucose Tolerance Test Oral )
• Reduction Glucose Urine Test
• HbA1c
 Normal value

• Fasting Glucose  70 – 110 mg/Dl

• 2 Hour PP Glucose  <140 mg/dL
• HbA1c  4,0 -7,0 %
 Management care
1. Diet For Diabetes Patient
2. Physical activity
3. Treatment of hyperglycaemia with
pharmalogical
4. Gangrene care
Beware of small wound gangrene
amputate
 Prevention