CONVENTIONAL GENERAL CARGO

HANDLING INCLUDING CARGO

GEAR
Topic 1: Learning Outcome 1.1

Seamanship 3
CARGO HANDLING AND STOWAGE
(NON DANGEROUS GOODS)
WHAT IS GENERAL CARGO?
• The term 'General Cargo' comprises
goods in bags, bales, cases, crates,
drums, bundles, or large pieces of
machinery and vehicles. As general cargo
comes in different forms and shapes, it
calls for special attention when being
stowed in cargo holds. Due to the
irregular shapes of some packages
(pieces of machinery, barrels and steel
coils), broken stowage can be enormous.
CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT
• Cargo handling equipment is provided to facilitate movement of the
cargo to and from the ship's side and the transit shed, warehouse,
barge, railway wagon or road vehicle.
• Cargo handling equipment means any off-road, self-propelled vehicle
or equipment used at a port or intermodal rail yard to lift or move
container, bulk, or liquid cargo carried by ship, train, or another
vehicle, or used to perform maintenance and repair activities that are
routinely scheduled or that are due to predictable process upsets.
PORT/TERMINAL CARGO HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
1. CARGO GEAR
• Cargo gear means an article of equipment for use with a crane or
derrick in loading or unloading cargo, that:
(a) is not riveted, welded or otherwise permanently attached to the
crane or derrick or; and
(b) is designed to be detachable from the crane or derrick, and inlcudes
any wire rope, fibre rope, sling, net, clamp, grab, loose gear, magnetic
lifting device, vacuum lifting device, patent cargo handling system or
self unloading system but does not include transport equipment or
packaging.
2. LIFTING GEAR
• Lifting gear means any item a load
can be attached to a lifting
appliance or cargo-handling gear,
but does not include pallets, pre-
slungs slings and freight containers.
3. CONVEYOR BELT
• A conveyor belt works by using
two motorized pulley that loop
over a long stretch thick, durable
material. It is used to move goods
and products that require further
stability or that due to their size;
they cannot be transported using
roller conveyors.
4. ELEVATOR
• A terminal elevator is a large pulley
system, typically found at distribution
centers, that is used to transfer large
amounts of grain to trucks, rail cars,
barges and ships for transport. The
terminal elevator is typically located in
areas that have the greatest
accumulation of the particular
agricultural product, in order to transfer
the commodity to one of its processors,
such as flour mills, breweries and ethanol
or alcohol distilleries. 
5. PUMPING EQUIPMENT
6. DERRICK
• Derrick is a crane consisting of a
boom and a mast with a whip
and a tackle connected to deck
winch. Derrick may be arranged
for fixed outreach working or
slewing derricks may be fitted.
Most older ships use winches
together with derricks for cargo
handling.
7. FORK LIFT TRUCK
• A forklift is a small industrial
vehicle, having a power operated
forked platform attached at the
front that can be raised or
lowered for insertion under a
cargo to lift or move it. It is used
to lift and move materials over
short distances.
• A vehicle used to pick up and
move goods loaded on pallets or
skids.
5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF FOLKLIFT
TRUCK
1. Truck Frame
Truck frame is the most vital
component which forms the base
of the machine. All of the key
components of the folklift including
wheels, counterweight and mast
are attached to the truck frame.
5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF FOLKLIFT
TRUCK
2. Counterweight
The counterweight is a cast iron
weight attached to the rear part of
the forklift. The aim of the
counterweight is to counter
balance the load that is being
lifted. On electric forklift,
counterweight is fixed to the lead-
acid battery.
5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF FOLKLIFT
TRUCK
3. Power Source
The forklift's power source consists
of an internal combustion engine.
The engine can be fueled by LPG,
CNG, diesel and natural gas.
Electric forklifts derive power from
fuel cells or lead-acid batteries.
5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF FOLKLIFT
TRUCK
4. Carriage
The carriage serves as the base to
the forklift. The carriage is fixed on
mast rails so that it can be easily
moved upward and downward.
5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF FOLKLIFT
TRUCK
5. Mast
The mast is a vertical part that lifts
up and pushes down the loads. The
mast component consists of
Interlocking Rails that offers
horizontal control. Like carriage,
mast may be equipped with rollers.
8. MOBILE CRANE
• Mobile crane is a cable-controlled
crane mounted on crawlers or
rubber-tired carriers or a
hydrolic-powered crane with a
telescoping boom mounted on
truck-type carriers or as self-
propelled models. They are
designed to easily transport to a
site and use with different types
of load and cargo with little or no
set up or assembly.
9. STRADDLE CARRIER
• A straddle carrier or straddle
truck is a freight-carrying vehicle
that carries its load underneath
by “straddling” it, rather than
carrying it on top like a
conventional truck. The
advantage of the straddle carrier
is its ability to load and unload
without the assistance of cranes
or forklifts.
Parts of Straddle Carrier
• Straddle carriers consist of a set
of four vertical frames that
support the entire structure.
• At the top is the mechanism for
the spreader crane that lifts and
carries the containers.
• The bottom section is attached to
a reinforced frame that is
connected to the driveshaft and
wheels.
10. TRACTOR
• Tractor or terminal tractor is a
semi-tractor intended to move
semi-trailers within a cargo yard,
warehouse facility or intermodal
facility, much like a switcher
locomotive is used to position
railcars.
11. TUG-MASTER
• Tug-masters or ro-ro tractors are
designed for ro-ro operations in
ports. The 4x4 drive, swiveling
seat and the spacious cabin make
these tractors the perfect choice
for operating in ro-ro vessels and
negotiating steep ramps.
• They are also widely used in
industry because of their robust
design and powerful driveline.
12. FRONT LOADER
• The front loader is a more
restricted piece of equipment
that can reach stacks of up to 3
full containers and can be used
for double-stack intermodal rail
operations. It can also be used to
manage empty stacks by
reaching up to 8 empty
containers in height.
SIDE LOADER
• A side loader, also known as a
sidelifter or self-loading trailer offers
a versatile and cost-effective way of
loading, transporting and unloading
containers and other cargo.
• A side loader can safely handle
shipping containers and other cargo
from/to other trailers, trucks or
trains, or directly on ground level,
where they can safely and efficiently
be packed or unpacked.
13. VAN CARRIER
14. TRANSTAINER
• Transtainer is a large gantry crane
used to load and unload containers
onto trucks or railway wagons or to
store the containers on top of each
other in stacks in a container yard,
which is motorized, mounted on
rubber tires and can straddle at least
four railway tracks, some up to six,
with a lifting capacity of 35 tons for
loading and unloading containers to
and from railway cards.
15. CONTAINER CRANE/PORTAINER
• A portainer is a gantry crane
strictly used to load and unload
containerships and comes in
different sizes based upon the
ship class they can
accommodate.
16. TRANSIT SHED
• Transit shed is a structure or
building on a wharf or quay for
the temporary storage or cargo
and goods between ship and rail
or warehouse, and vice versa.
WAREHOUSE CRANES
WHAT IS A CRANE?
• A crane is a type of machine,
generally equipped with a hoist
rope, wire ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used both to
lift and lower materials and to
move them horizontally. It is
mainly used for lifting heavy
things and transporting them to
other places.
17. DOCKSIDE CRANE
• Dockside cranes are also found
in the form of container cranes
or ship-to-shore cranes which
consist of a supporting
framework able to traverse the
full length of a quay. These
utilize a locking mechanism
positioned at each corner of the
container in order to safely lift
it.
DOCKSIDE CRANE
• Dockside cranes are designed for
fast handling of containers, semi-
trailers and loose goods such as
round timber. This makes them a
versatile handling solution for any
kind of terminal.
18. QUAY CRANE
• Loading and unloading operations
with containers from/to container
vessels are perfomed in the
quayside area by quay cranes.
These cranes are found at
container terminals and are also
known as ship-to-shore cranes and
they are moved by rail tracks.
QUAY CRANES CLASSIFICATION
• Quay Cranes (QCs) are divided into several categories. The first
possible category is a classification according to the size of container
vessel, which is able to serve quay crane:
1. Panamax QC- able to transship vessel with 11-13 containers wide
(rows) or more and with an outreach 30-40 m. These container vessels
are capable of passing through the Panama Canal;
2. Post-Panamax QC- able to transship vessel with 17-19 containers
wide or more and with outreach 45-55 m;
3. Super-Post Panamax QC- able to transship vessel with 21-23
containers wide and with outreach 60-70 m
QUAY CRANES CLASSIFICATION
• These Quay Cranes are further classified by the boom mechanism:
1. High Profile (so called A-Frame) with tip-up boom above the water
surface and prove of vessel anchor (Port of Rotterdam). This profile
exhibits the lowest cost and lowest wheel load;
2. Low Profile where the boom is able either to push forward or to push
in above vessel deck (Port of Boston). These QCs are suitable especially
for their minimum height near airports and for reduced visual impact.
This profile exhibits higher costs and high wheel loads.
19. CONTAINER CRANE
• A container crane is a type of large
dockside gantry crane found at
container terminals for loading and
unloading intermodal containers
from container ships. Container
cranes consist of a supporting
framework that can traverse the
length of a quay or yard on a rail
track. Instead of a hook, they are
equipped witha specialized
handling tool called a spreader.
TWO TYPES OF CONTAINER CRANE
1. High-Profile Crane
The boom of this crane is hinged at
the waterside of the crane
structure and lifted in the air to
clear the ships for navigation,and
low profile, where the boom is
shuttled toward and over the ship
to allow the trolley to load and
discharge containers.
TWO TYPES OF CONTAINER CRANE
2. Low-Profile Crane
Low profile cranes are used where
they may be in the flight path
aircraft, such as where a container
terminal is located close to an
airport.
20. GANTRY CRANE
• Gantry cranes are specially used
for container handling. These
cranes are fitted with spreaders
and can be adjusted for twenty
foot, forty foot and forty-five foot
containers. Some of them can be
adjusted for twin lift.
21. DECK CRANE (SHIP'S) CARGO
GEAR
• Deck cranes are located on the
ships and boats, these are used
for cargo operations or boat
unloading and retrieval where
no shore unloading facilities are
available. Most are diesel-
hydraulic or electric-hydraulic.
 GENERAL CARGO HANDLING
EQUIPMENT INCLUDING GEARS
22. CONTAINER FITTINGS
• Container fittings are used for the
reliable securing of containers.
Fixed fittings – Stacking cones,
foundations, deck foundations, lashing
plates, lashing eyes, lashing pots, d-rings.
Fixed fittings are integrated into the hull
structure or fitted on double bottom or
hatch covers.
Loose fittings – Twistlocks, stackers,
bridge fittings, tension/pressure
elements, spanners, lashing rods and
turnbuckles.
23. CHAIN SLING
• Chain slings are used for hoisting
strong packages, such as wooden
cases or bagged cargo.
• Chain slings are used when
handling heavy concentrated
cargoes such as pigs of iron, lead,
tin plate or copper bars, They are
safer than wire rope because they
can stand up better with such
heavy loads.
24. TWISTLOCK
• A mechanical locking device at the
corner of a container. Conventional
twistlocks are locked and unlocked
manually with operating rods.
Rotating the movable part around
a vertical axis locks the device and
a container to a twistlock
foundation on a hatch cover or
another container. Reversing the
motion effects unlocking.
TWISTLOCK
• Semi-automatic twistlocks are
locked automatically and unlocked
manually by the operating rods.
• Fully-automatic locks are placed in
the lower corners of the container
at the pier.
25. CONTAINER FITTING AND
LASHING
26. CORNER CASTING
• Corner casting are the corners of
an ISO tank container. They are
the structural element allowing a
tank container to be connected to
a chasis for transportation. Also,
corner casting allows shipping
containers to be picked up and
moved around as required.
27. CARGO NET
• Cargo nets are generally of a
knotted mesh, but may be
woven. The mesh of a wire rope
net will contain a specially
designed clip at every cross, to
provide reinforcement for the net
as well as protecting the wire
from wear.
TYPES OF CARGO NET
28. HOOKS
• Cargo hooks are shackled to the
cargo runners for lifting and
lowering drafts of cargo. The
hooks most frequently used in
cargo-handling operations are
the new york cargo hook, the
liverpool hook and the seattle
hook.
HOOKS
• The new york cargo hook is a dropforged steel,
natural-colored hook, fitted with a jaw-and-
eye swivel.
• The liverpool hook is a dropforged, natural-
colored steel hook, fitted with a double-eye
swivel. This hook is included in the general-
hatch set and has a safe working load of 11,
200 pounds.
• The seattle cargo hook is a dropforged steel,
natural-colored hook, fitted with one jaw-and-
eye swivel, two double-eye swivels, and a ring.
29. LIFTING BEAM
• Lifting beam, a strength member,
usually constructed in steel
suspended from the lifting
purchase of a heavy-lift derrick
when engaged in making a long
or wide load lift. Lifting beams
may accomodate 'yokes' at each
end to facilitate the securing of
the wire slings shackled to the
load.
30. SLING
A sling is a loop of rope or wire
which is used for the hoisting of a
heavy item. It may also describe a
length of wire with a loop at each
end. It is probably the most
common form of loose gear.
SLING
The four main types of sling are:
• Wire Rope
The most commonly used sling. It is used in the
construction and other application where heavy
loads and rugged conditions exist.
• Chain
Combines superior strength, ease of handling and
durability. The combination of heavy loads,
elevated working temperatures and severe lift
conditions ususally dictate that an alloy chain sling
be used.
SLING
• Mesh
Wire and chain. Excellent of lifting objects that are
hot or have sharp edge, such as bar stock or plate
steel. Mesh slings usually have wide load bearing
surfaces that greatly enhanced load balancing.
• Synthetic
Both web and round-sling areused where loads
must be protected from damage. Their light
weight and flexibility reduced fatigue and strain
on the rigger.
HOOKS AND SHACKLES
• Hooks
Cargo hooks are shackled to the cargo
runners for lifting and lowering drafts
of cargo.
• Shackles
A shackle, also known as gyve, is a U-
shaped piece of metal secured with a
clevis pin or bolt across the opening,
or a hinged metal loop secured with a
quick-release locking pin mechanism.
31. PALLETS
• Pallet means a load-carrying
platform having two
interconnected decks seperated
to permit the entry of lifting
equipment, such as fork arms,
tines, bars or sling.
FOUR TYPE OF PALLETS IN CARGO
HANDLING
• Stevedore Pallets
This type of pallet is reversible and
is used to handle loose cargo at
water terminals.
• General-Purpose Pallet
This pallet is used mainly for the
shipment of palletized cargo and
often accompanies the cargo from
shipper to consignee.
FOUR TYPE OF PALLETS IN CARGO
HANDLING
• Sled Pallet
The sled pallet is a heavy timbered
platform with runners. Supplies and
equipment are normally banded to the
pallet.
• Warehouse Pallet
A warehouse pallet is used to handle
cargo in warehouses. It is much lighter
than the stevedore pallet.
BULK CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT
• meaninggg
32. SHIPS UNLOADERS
• Ship unloaders are particularly
well-suited to both sea and
inland import ports that
discharge a number of different
material types as the grab system
can work across various
materials. These unloaders have
proven themselves over decades
of operation and are extremely
reliable.
33.FRONT LOADER
• A front loader is a type of tractor,
usually wheeled, sometimes on
tracks, that has a front-mounted
square wide bucket connected to
the end of two booms (arms) to
scoop up loose material from the
ground, or bulk cargoes, and move
it from one place to another
without pushing the material across
the ground.
34. BELT CONVEYOR
• One of the basic tools in material
handling industry, belt conveyors
are most commonly used in
transportation of bulk materials
(grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, etc.).
Belt conveyor systems consist of
two or more pulleys (a.k.a drums).
An endless loop of carrying
medium- the conveyor belt-
rotates about them.
35. HOPPER
• Hopper is a container for a
bulk material such as grain,
rock, or trash, typically one
that tapers downward and is
able to discharge its contents
at the bottom.
• Hoppers are typically
manufactured using sheets of
steel, due to its durability and
the ease of manufacturing.
36. SILO/ELEVATOR
• Elevator (US) or silos are
normally associated with
grains. They may be operated
by pneumatic suction which
sucks the grain out of the ship's
hold.
37. GRAB-TYPE UNLOADERS
• Grab-type unloaders are able to handle
all bulk material across the entire
range of different particle sizes and/or
material properties; including,
amongst others, coal, iron ore, bauxite,
limestone, phosphate, petroleum coke,
various fertilizers, postash and sulphur.
In fact, these machines, if fitted with
hooks or spreaders, can even assist
with the unloading of general cargo or
containers.
38. LOADING BOOM
• The loading boom is the most
common form of cargo handling
gear in freighters because of its
simplicity of operation. Loading
boom is a crane with a boom
that can lift loads that for human
labor is impossible to do. To move
such heavy loads, the crane’s
long-reaching arm needs to be
strong enough to handle it.
LIQUID CARGO HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
39. TERMINAL MANIFOLD
40. SHIP'S MANIFOLD
41. LOADING ARMS
• Loading arms transfer units
between ship and shore for
discharge and loading oil or any
liquified gas; there are articulated
all-metal arms (hand arms) or a
combination of metal arms and
hoses.
REFERENCES