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Gas Transfer
Gas Transfer
Gas Transfer
p
constant (constant volume)
T
Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law is a special form of an equation of state,
i.e., an equation relating the variables that characterize a gas
(pressure, volume, temperature, density, ….).
The ideal gas law is applicable to low-density gases.
pV
constant (fixed mass of gas)
T
pV nRT
pV Nk BT
p RT
Absolute Zero and the Kelvin
Scale
for electrolytes
log = f . I
where
D = coefficient of molecular diffusion (m2/s)
x = the distance from the interfacial area A
dc/dx = concentration gradient
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION
• The total amount of gas M (g) that has
been absorbed through the surface area
A during the time t independent of x
M 2 A(cs c0 ) Dt
under conditions of unlimited depth of
water body
DIFFUSION
• If the depth is not too small the time of
diffusion is not too long diffusion is
very slow process and only very little gas
is brought into deeper layers of the water
body:
dM D
A(cs c0 )
dt t
THE CONCEPT OF GAS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
THE CONCEPT OF GAS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
• In accordance with Fick’s Law the
mass transport per unit time (g/s) is
proportional to the concentration
difference :
for the gas phase
m k g A(c g c gi )
for the liquid phase
m k L A(c Li c L )
THE CONCEPT OF GAS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
where
kg = partial gas transfer coefficient for
the gas phase
kL = partial gas transfer coefficient for
the liquid phase
cgi and cLi generally not known
cLi = kD . cgi
1 k D 1
m( ) A( k D c g cL )
kL kg
THE CONCEPT OF GAS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
• The total gas transfer coefficient KL is
composed of both the partial coefficients
and the distribution coefficient:
1 1 kD
KL kL kg
then
m = A KL (kDcg – cL)
THE CONCEPT OF GAS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
• The value of kD/kg will be very small
with respect to 1/kL the influence of
the gas transfer coefficient of the gas
phase may be neglected
KL = k L
and consequently
m = A kL (kDcg – cL)
FILM THEORY
FILM THEORY
FILM THEORY
FILM THEORY
FILM THEORY
PENETRATION THEORY
• During the time of exposure the gas
diffuses into the fluid element
penetrates into liquid.
• In contrast to the film theory, the
penetration process is described by
unsteady diffusion
PENETRATION THEORY
PENETRATION THEORY
PENETRATION THEORY
• During the time of the liquid the interface
to the gas, the gases penetrate into the
liquid at a diminishing rate. The total
mass of gas absorbed during this time:
Dt
M 2 A(k D c g cL )
PENETRATION THEORY
• Hence the average absorption rate m
(g/s) during the time t is defined by
M D
m 2 A(k D c g cL )
t t
D
m2 A( k D c g cL )
tc
PENETRATION THEORY
• According to the penetration theory:
D
kL 2
t c
rc 1
tc
• Taking rc instead of tc
Drc
kL 2
SURFACE RENEWAL
THEORY
• The model underlying the surface renewal
theory is equal to that of the penetration
theory unsteady diffusion of the gas
into liquid elements exposed to the gas
phase.
• However, this theory does not assume
that the time to be constant follow a
frequency distribution f(t) with ages of the
fluid elements (= time of exposure)
ranging from zero to infinity.
SURFACE RENEWAL
THEORY
• The theory is based on the assumption the
fraction of the surface having ages between t
and t+dt is given by:
st
f (t ) dt se dt
A D A
k2 2 k L a.k L
V tc V
where k2 or kL.a is the overall gas transfer
coefficient.
THE OVERALL GAS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT OR AERATION
COEFFICIENT
• The rate of gas transfer can be
expressed as the rate of concentration
change
m dc
k 2 cs c
V dt
which integrates with c0 at t=0 to
c cs cs c0 e k 2t
or cs c
e k 2t
cs c0
THE OVERALL GAS TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT OR AERATION
COEFFICIENT
• The overall gas transfer coefficient k2
can easily determined experimentally by
measuring the change of concentration
as a function of time and by plotting log
(cs-c)/(cs-c0) versus time :
cs c
log log e k 2t k 2t. log e
cs c0
0,4343.k 2t
THE EFFICIENCY
COEFFICIENT
• With some transfer operations, e.g. cascades,
weir aeration difficult or impossible to
determine the parameter time t.
• If now a constant time tk is assumed for the
aeration step under steady state conditions:
cs ce k 2t k
e 1 K
cs c0
cs ce c0 ce
1 1 K
cs c0 cs c0
THE EFFICIENCY
COEFFICIENT
THE EFFICIENCY
COEFFICIENT
AIR STRIPPING
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